Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E.

Berk

Chapter 1
History, Theory, and
Research Strategies

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Developmental Science
The study of constancy
and change throughout
the lifespan

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Basic Issues
in Development
Continuous or discontinuous?
One course of development or many?
Relative influence of nature and
nurture?

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Basic Issues:
Continuous or Discontinuous

Figure1.1

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Contexts of Development
Unique combinations
of personal and
environmental
circumstances can
result in different
paths of change

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Basic Issues
Nature vs. Nurture
Nature
Hereditary
information
notes

Nurture
Physical and
social forces
notes

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Lifespan Perspective
Development is
lifelong
multidimensional and
multidirectional
highly plastic
influenced by multiple,
interacting forces
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Stability and Plasticity

Stability
notes

Plasticity
notes

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Periods of Development
Prenatal

Conception to birth

Infancy and toddlerhood

Birth2 years

Early childhood

26 years

Middle childhood

611 years

Adolescence

1118 years

Early adulthood

1840 years

Middle adulthood

4065 years

Late adulthood

65 yearsdeath

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Major Domains
of Development

Figure 1.2

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Influences on Development
Multiple, interacting forces:
Age-graded
History-graded
Nonnormative

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Lifespan View of
Development

Figure 1.3
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Psychoanalytic Perspective
Freud and Erikson
notes
Differences between
the two theories?

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Eriksons
Psychosocial Stages
Basic trust vs. mistrust

Birth1 year

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

13 years

Initiative vs. guilt

36 years

Industry vs. inferiority

611 years

Identity vs. role confusion

Adolescence

Intimacy vs. isolation

Early adulthood

Generativity vs. stagnation

Middle adulthood

Integrity vs. despair

Late adulthood

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Behaviorism and
Social Learning Theory
Classical
conditioning

Stimulusresponse

Operant
conditioning

Reinforcers and
punishments

Social learning
theory

Social-cognitive
approach

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Behaviorism and
Social Learning Theory
Contributions:
notes

Limitations:
notes

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Piagets CognitiveDevelopmental Theory

Children actively construct knowledge by
manipulating and exploring their world.
Mental structures adapt to better fit with
environment.
Development moves through four broad
stages.

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Piagets Stages

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Information Processing
View of the human mind as a
symbol-manipulating system
Development as a continuous
process
Use of rigorous research methods
Little insight into creativity or
imagination
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Information-Processing
Flowchart

Figure 1.4

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Developmental Cognitive
Neuroscience
Relationship of brain changes to cognitive
processing and behavior patterns
notes

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Ethology
Adaptive value and
evolutionary history
of behavior
Acquisition of
adaptive behaviors:
critical period
sensitive period
Nick Biemans/Shutterstock

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Vygotskys
Sociocultural Theory
Transmission to the next
generation of a cultures

values
beliefs
customs
skills

notes

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Ecological Systems Theory

Figure 1.5

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Ecological Systems Theory

Layers of the
environment:

microsystem
mesosystem
exosystem
macrosystem

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Common Research Methods

Systematic observation:
notes

Self-reports:
notes

Clinical, or case study, method

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Systematic Observation
Naturalistic
Observation

Structured
Observation

notes

notes

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Self-Reports
Clinical
Interview

Structured
Interview

notes

notes

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

General Research Designs

Correlational

Experimental

Reveals relationships
between participants
characteristics and
behavior
notes

Participants randomly
assigned to treatment
conditions
notes

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Experimental Design
Independent
Variable

Dependent
Variable

Manipulated by
experimenter
notes

Measured, but not

manipulated, by
experimenter
notes

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Random Assignment
Unbiased procedure used to assign
participants to treatment conditions
Increases chances that characteristics will be
equally distributed across conditions

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Modified Experiments
Field Experiment
Conducted in
natural settings
notes

Natural/QuasiExperiment
Compares existing
differences in
treatment
notes

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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Developmental
Research Designs
Longitudinal

Same group studied

at different times

Cross-sectional

Different groups studied

at the same time

Sequential

Compares similar
cross-sectional or longitudinal
studies (sequences)

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Research Methods

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk

Problems in Conducting
Longitudinal Research
Participant dropout
Practice effects
Cohort effects

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Problem in Conducting
Cross-Sectional Research
Not intra-individual development
Cohort effects