CLONING

. PROCESS OF PRODUCING
SIMILAR POPULATIONS OF
GENETICALLY IDENTICAL
INDIVIDUALS
. PROCESSES USED TO
CREATE COPIES OFDNA
FRAGMENTS

IMPORANT?
M O L E C U LA R C LO N I N G A L LO WS
S C I E N T I S T S T O N O T O N LY D I S C O V E R
T H E W H AT P R O T E I N S A R E P R E S E N T
AND THEIR FUNCTION, BUT ALSO
E X P L O R E W H AT H A P P E N S I N A C E L L
WHEN THESE PROTEINS ARE
C H A N G E D . W H E N S T U DY I N G C E L L
D I V I S I O N , S P E C I F I C A L LY, S C I E N T I S T S
L O O K F O R P R O T E I N S T H AT C O N T R O L
THE BEGINNING AND END OF
DIVISION. USING THE RECOMBINANT
D N A ( C O N TA I N I N G T H E B O T H T H E
H U M A N C E L L D N A A N D T H E C LO N E D
PLASMID), SCIENTISTS CAN DIRECT
T H E R E P L I C AT I O N W I T H I N T H E

WITH CLONING AND

LEARNING MORE ABOUT
SPECIFIC PROTEINS,
SCIENTISTS CAN TAKE
THEIR RESEARCH AND
APPLY IT TO LARGER-SALE
RESEARCH ENDEAVORS
LIKE DISEASES AND
PATHOGENS.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE, HOWEVER,

THAT CLONING IS NOT USED TO
STUDYJUSTPROTEINS INVOLVED IN THE
CELL CYCLE. MOLECULAR CLONING HAS
LED SCIENTISTS TO DISCOVER THE
ENTIRE GENETIC SEQUENCES OF MANY
DIFFERENT SPECIES, INACTIVATE GENES
IN BOTH HUMANS AND OTHER
ORGANISMS, AND CREATE TRANSGENIC
ORGANISMS LIKE HERBICIDE RESISTANT
PLANTS AND GLOW-IN-THE-DARK FISH.

You can see that these tropical fish

give off a slight glow because they
have been marked with the same
fluorescence that is native to some
species of jellyfish.

SPECIFIC,
BUT DIFFERENT ANTIBIOTIC. IN THE
THIRD
COLUMN, THE TWO ANTIBIOTIC
RESISTANT
GENES WERE ADDED TO THE PLANT'S
GENOME
TO PRODUCE A TRANSGENIC PLANT
THAT IS
RESISTANT TOBOTHANTIBIOTICS.
ONE EXAMPLE OF A SPECIFIC TYPE OF
PROTEIN THAT IS RESEARCHED USING
MOLECULAR CLONING ARE HISTONES

HISTONES...WHAT ARE THOSE?

Histones are one of the specific proteins
involved in cell division and cancer.
Technically, the ball-like groups of
histones are referred to as nucleosomes.
In more general terms, histones are the
protein balls that DNA wraps around in
order to help DNA coil itself and condense
into a chromosome during interphase. In
fact, the image of nucleosomes (groups of
histones) strung along a strand of DNA is
often referred to as the"Beads on a
String"model.

CLONING IN PLANTS

P L A N T C LO N I N G I S T H E
PRODUCTION OF A CELL, CELL
C O M P O N E N T , O R P L A N T T H AT I S
G E N E T I C A L LY I D E N T I C A L T O T H E
UNIT OR INDIVIDUAL FROM
W H I C H I T WA S D E R I V E D .
F R O M S T E M C U TT I N G S O R
WHOLE-PLANTDIVISIONS FOR
MANY CENTURIES, PERHAPS
D AT I N G B AC K A S FA R A S T H E
BEGINNINGS.

CLONES NATURALLY BISEXUAL

REPRODUCTION. FOR EXAMPLE:
1.SPIDER PLANTS GROW NEW PLANTS,
CALLED PLANTLETS, ON THEIR
STEMS
2.POTATO PLANTS
PRODUCETUBERS(THE PART WE EAT),
WHICH CAN GROW NEW ROOTS AND
SHOOTS
3.STRAWBERRY PLANTS GROW STEMS
CALLED RUNNERS, WHICH HAVE
PLANTLETS ON THEM

DISADVANTAGES
C LO N I N G A L LO W S G R O W E R S T O
M A S S P R O D U C E P L A N T S T H AT M AY
B E D I F F I C U LT T O G R O W F R O M S E E D .
A L L T H E P L A N T S A R E G E N E T I C A L LY
IDENTICAL, WHICH IS USEFUL
B E C A U S E YO U C A N B E S U R E O F
T H E I R C H A RA C T E R I S T I C S . O N T H E
OTHER HAND, THE L ACK OF GENETIC
VA R I AT I O N M E A N S T H AT I F T H E
PLANTS BECOME EXPOSED TO
DISEASE OR TO CHANGES IN
E N V I R O N M E N TA L C O N D I T I O N S , A L L
OF THEM WILL BE AFFECTED.

CLONING IN ANIMALS
J U S T L I K E T H E C LO N I N G O F
P L A N T S , T H E C LO N I N G O F A N I M A L S
H A S M A N Y I M P O RTA N T C O M M E RC I A L
I M P L I C AT I O N S . I T A L LO W S A N
INDIVIDUAL ANIMAL WITH
D E S I RA B L E F E AT U R E S , S U C H A S A
C O W T H AT P R O D U C E S A LO T O F
M I L K , T O B E D U P L I C AT E D S E V E RA L
TIMES. BUT THE PROCESS IS MORE
COMPLEX THAN IT IS WITH PLANTS.

Embryo transplants
A developing embryo is removed from a
pregnant animal at an early stage, before
the embryos cells have had time to
become specialised. The cells are
separated from one another. They are then
grown for a while in a laboratory and
transplanted in host mothers.
When the offspring are born, they are
identical to each other and genetically
related to the original pregnant animal.
They are not related to their host mothers

ADULT CELL CLONING

ADULT CELL CLONING INVOLVES SEVERAL STEPS:
1.THE NUCLEUS IS REMOVED FROM AN
UNFERTILISED EGG CELL AND DISCARDED
2.THE NUCLEUS IS REMOVED FROM AN ADULT
BODY CELL AND INJECTED INTO THE EGG CELL
3.AN ELECTRIC SHOCK IS APPLIED TO MAKE THE
EGG CELL BEGIN TO DIVIDE TO FORM AN EMBRYO
4.WHILE IT IS STILL A BALL OF CELLS, THE
EMBRYO IS INSERTED INTO THE WOMB OF AN
ADULT FEMALE
5.THE EMBRYO CONTINUES TO GROW AND
DEVELOP

THE CLONING PROCESS OF 'DOLLY THE SHEEP'

THANK YOU FOR

LISTENING!!!