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PETE 411: Well Drilling
PETE 411: Well Drilling
Well Drilling
Lesson 23
Gas Cut Mud
1
Read:
Applied Drilling Engineering, Ch. 6
1.35
TB
250 F
TS
100 F
10
Bottom-Hole
Ratio of Mud Volume to Gas Volume:
Mud
Gas
7 bbl 60 min
*
min
hr
7
7 in
bbl
20 ft
8
*
* 0.25 porosity * 0.7 gs
4 12 in/ft hr 5.61 cu.ft
bbl
This indicates there are
420
Mud
hr 1990
1990 volumes of mud to
bbl
Gas
1 volume of gas at the
0.2110
hr
bottom of the hole.
11
VS PB ZS TS
VB PS Z B TB
(gas law)
(11,700 psi)(1)(560 R )
(14.7 psi)(1.35)(710 R )
465
Mud Volume
1,990
Gas Volume
Expansion :
Gas at Surface
465
Gas at Bottom
At surface :
4.279
Gas Volume
465
13
Total Volume
(4.279) *15 ppg (1* 0) ppg
12.16 ppg
4.279 1
Pred.gas
PB PS
CPS Z A TA
ln
(100 C)ZSTS
PS
15
Pred.gas
PB PS
CPS Z A TA
ln
(100 C)ZSTS
PS
TA - Average temperature, R
ZS - Surface compressibility factor
TS - Surface temperature, R
16
1*100%
18.94%
1 4.279
17
Average T and Z
710 560
TA
635 R
2
1 1.35
ZA
1.175
2
18
Reduction in BHP
Pred.gas
Pred.gas
PB PS
CPS Z A TA
ln
(100 C)ZSTS
PS
ln
(100 18.94)(1)(560)
14.7
Reduction in BHP
This means the gas reduced the hydrostatic
head by only 30.57 psi!
The resulting bottom hole pressure
will be
p = 11,700 - 30.57
BHP = 11,669 psi
20
Conclusion
It can be seen that the surface gas cut of
approx. 3 PPG resulted in a bottom hole
pressure reduction of less than 31 psi.
There is one other factor that reduces the
effect of gas cut mud even further and that
is the effect of drilled solids in the mud.
Drilled solids will tend to raise the overall
density of the mud.
21
(7.875)
20 ft/hr
gal 1 ft
*
* 0.75 * 7.481 3 *
4
60 min/hr
ft 144 in 2
Rate of drilled solids generation 0.632 gpm
22
P = 12 psi
23
24
mud circulation
1,990
4.279
gas circulation rate
465
i.e. At the surface, the mud mix contains one part
of gas (by volume) for each 4.279 parts of good
mud.
26
total weight
total volume
( 4.279 * 15 ) (1 * 0)
4.279 1
27
PB PS
CPS Z A TA
p
ln
(100 C) ZSTS
PS
31 psi
28
Note:
It is very important in any drilling
operation:
To recognize the symptoms of
increasing pore pressure
To be able to estimate the magnitude
of the pore pressure
29
Note contd:
To know the fracture gradients of the
exposed formations
To maintain the drilling practices within
controllable limits
To keep in mind that any one symptom of
increasing pore pressure may not be
sufficient to provide the basis for
precise conclusions
Look at all the indicators...
30
ROP
F.L.Temp Cl - MUD
d
Gas Units SH
t
YP
31
34
Drilling Techniques
I. Balanced Drilling
Balanced drilling by definition is when
Drilling Techniques
II. Overbalanced drilling
Overbalanced drilling by definition is
45
46
50
51
lithology changes
Furthermore, and most importantly,
it disguises transition zones and
makes it almost impossible to
detect these from the penetration
rate curve.
52