Power System Operation and

Planning
Lecture -Economic dispatch 2
Abdul Basit
Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in
Energy (PCAS-E) University of Engineering &
Technology (UET), Peshawar

PCASE

Summary from last lecture

For ELD > Minimize the objective function
i.e. to minimize the overall generation cost if objective
function is the cost function

We use Langrang equation for this purpose

PCAS-E

Summary from last lecture

Initially we suppose, that all generating units are
operating within their limits so the solution of the
objective function is in the feasible region

= 0; = 0

If a generating unit is hitting its maximum or

minimum limit, we will
only consider the corresponding sensitive limit
1. e.g., if generating unit 1 is hitting its maximum limit we
will consider 1 only, and 1 if its hitting the minimum
limit
2. If generating unit 1 is hitting its maximum limit than it
should produce its maximum; if the incremental cost
(dC1/dP1) is less than the system marginal cost ()
3. Also if generating unit 2 is hitting its minimum limit than
it should produce its minimum; if the incremental cost is
higher than the system marginal cost ()
4. If either of the conditionPCAS2 and condition 3 are not
E

Economic Load Dispatch

This method assumes that the ELD problem has to
be solved repeatedly by moving generators from
one economically optimum point to another as the
load changes by a reasonably small amount.

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Economic Load Dispatch

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ELD with transmission losses

Consider the economic load dispatch
problem including the transmission
losses

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ELD with transmission losses

is the Incremental Loss

at bus i

is called the penalty factor

at bus i

The condition for the optimum can be

then written as

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ELD with transmission losses

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ELD with transmission losses

If losses increases, for an increase in
power at bus i
Incremental cost > 0
Penalty factor > 1

If losses decreases, for an increase in

power at bus i
Incremental cost < 0
Penalty factor < 1
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Iterative method for ELD with

Transmission losses
We no longer have a set of linear equations as
in previous examples. This necessitates a
more complex solution procedure as follows:
Step 1: Pick a set of starting values for P1, P2,
PN that sum to
the load
Step 2: Calculate the incremental losses as well
as the total losses Ploss. The incremental
losses and total loss will be considered
constant until we return to step 2.
Step 3: Calculate the value of that causes P1, P2,
, PN to sum to the total load plus losses.
Step 4: Compare P1, P2, , PN from step 3 to the
value used at the start of step 2. If there is no
significant change in any
PCAS- one of the values, go to 1
E
0
step 5, otherwise go back
to step 2.

Example A

Load demand =
850 MW

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Example A - Solution

Taking derivative with respect of every variable and

equating it to zero

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Example A - Solution

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Example A - Solution

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Example A - Solution

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Example A - Solution

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Example A - Solution

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Example A - Solution

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Lambda-iteration method

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Example B

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Example B solution

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Example B solution

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Example B solution

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Question 1

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Question 2

Questio
n3

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Question 4

Questio
n5

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Question 6
Compare the optimal generation schedules
obtained in Q.1 and
Q.5. Comment on how the generation shifts from
one generator to the other, and why.

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