"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

Section 3

UMT/TRD/CN/0002 01.02/EN

ATM Architecture

November, 2000

ATM Architecture

3-1

Objectives

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

At the end of this section the students will be able to:

Discuss the ATM reference model,
Describe the ATM interfaces,
Discuss the role of the fields of the header,
Describe the functions of the Physical ATM layer,
Explain the purpose of cell rate decoupling,
Explain the role of Inverse Multiplexing for ATM.

UMT/TRD/CN/0002 01.02/EN

November, 2000

ATM Architecture

3-2

Layered Architecture
1 - ATM Forum Model versus OSI

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

Management plane
Layer Management
Control plane
Higher layers

User plane
Higher layers

ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)

UMT/TRD/CN/0002 01.02/EN

OSI Model
Data Link Layer

ATM layer
Physical Layer

Physical layer

November, 2000

ATM Architecture

3-3

Layered Architecture
2 - ITU-T ATM Model

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

Management plane
Control
plane
Signaling
User layer
and
control

UMT/TRD/CN/0002 01.02/EN

AAL

User plane

Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
CBR
VBR
CONS
CLNS
(circuit
(compressed
for data
for data
emulation) video/audio) (Frame Relay) (LAN)

Class X
CONS

Class Y
CONS

UBR

ABR

AAL 1
AAL 2
AAL 3/4 or AAL 5
Convergence Sublayer

AAL 5

AAL 5

SAR sublayer

ATM layer (cell format)

Physical layer (transmission)

November, 2000

ATM Architecture

3-4

Layered Architecture
3 - ATM Layers Location

Network

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

User

(Error recovery
and flow control)

User

Higher
layer

End-to-end

Higher
layer

AAL

Edge-to-edge

AAL

ATM
layer

ATM
layer

ATM
layer

ATM
layer

Physical
layer

Physical
layer

Physical
layer

Physical
layer

UMT/TRD/CN/0002 01.02/EN

November, 2000

ATM Architecture

3-5

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

ATM Interfaces

Public
ATM network

Private
ATM network

Private
UNI

Private NNI
(PNNI)

Public
UNI

Public
NNI

Public
ATM network

B-ICI

UNI = User-Network Interface

NNI = Network-Node Interface
B-ICI = Broadband Inter-Carrier
Interface
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November, 2000

ATM Architecture

3-6

ATM Header
1 - User Network Interface
7

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

Generic Flow Control

Virtual Path Identifier

Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Channel Identifier

Virtual Channel Identifier
Virtual Channel
Identifier

Payload Type
Identifier

5 Bytes

CLP

Header Error Check

Payload
48 bytes

48 Bytes

CLP = Cell Loss Priority

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November, 2000

ATM Architecture

3-7

ATM Header
2 - Network Node Interface
7

0
At the NNI
the Generic Flow Control field
becomes part of the VPI field

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

Virtual Path Identifier

Virtual Path Identifier

Virtual Channel Identifier

Virtual Channel Identifier

Virtual Channel
Identifier

Payload Type
Identifier

5 Bytes

CLP

Header Error Check

Payload
48 bytes

48 Bytes

CLP = Cell Loss Priority

UMT/TRD/CN/0002 01.02/EN

November, 2000

ATM Architecture

3-8

ATM Header
3 - Cell Loss Priority
Switch Load

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

Tagged Cells: CLP = 1

Switch Load

Transmitted Cells

UMT/TRD/CN/0002 01.02/EN

Switch Load

Discarded Cells
Passed Cells

November, 2000

ATM Architecture

3-9

ATM Header
4 - Payload Type Identifier and Generic Flow Control

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

PTI Coding

Interpretation

000

User data cell, no congestion, UU-type = 0

001

User data cell, no congestion, UU-type = 1

010

User data cell, congestion, UU-type = 0

011

User data cell, congestion, UU-type = 1

100

Segment OAM F5 flow-related cell

101

End-to-end OAM F5 flow-related cell

110

Resource management

111

Reserved for future functions

UU = User to User
UMT/TRD/CN/0002 01.02/EN

November, 2000

ATM Architecture

3-10

ATM Header

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

5 - Header Error Check

Header error control/correction:
HEC applies an algorithm to the first 4 octets of the cell header and compares it to
value of the 5th octet
8 bits are used to protect 32 bits resulting in an 89% correction/detection capability
for 1 or 2 bit errors
53 octets

ATM
Cells

ATM
Header

ATM Payload = 48 octets

ATM
Layer

53 octets

ATM
Cells
(with HEC)

ATM H
E
Header
C

ATM Payload = 48 octets

Physical
Layer

4 octets

CRC

UMT/TRD/CN/0002 01.02/EN

November, 2000

ATM Architecture

3-11

Physical Layer
1 - The Two Sublayers

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

Higher layers

Higher-layer functions TCP/IP

CS

Convergence

SAR

Segmentation and reassembly

AAL

Generic flow control

Cell header generation/extraction
Cell VPI/VCI translation
Cell multiplexing

ATM layer

Physical
Layer

Transmission
Convergence
Sublayer
Physical Medium
Sublayer

UMT/TRD/CN/0002 01.02/EN

November, 2000

Cell rate decoupling

HEC sequence gener/verification
Cell delineation
Transmission frame adaptation
Transmission frame gener/recovery
Bit timing,
Physical medium
ATM Architecture

3-12

Physical Layer
2 - Interfaces

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

UNI

SDH/SONET
(155 Mbps)

NNI

UMT/TRD/CN/0002 01.02/EN

E1/T1
(2/1.5 Mbps)

E3/T3
(34/45 Mbps)

LAN
UTP-cat3 cable
(51.84 Mbps)

SONET
Hierarchy
(ANSI)

SDH
Hierarchy
(ITU-T)

Common
terminology

Line
Rate
(Mbps)

OC- 1

None

STS-1

51.84

OC- 3

STM-1

STS-3

155.52

OC- 12

STM-4

STS-12

622.08

OC- 48

STM-16

STS-48

2488.32

OC- 96

STM-32

STS-96

4976.64

OC- 192

STM-64

STS-192

9953.28

November, 2000

ATM Architecture

3-13

Physical Layer
3 - SDH Frame Structure: Synchronous Transport Module (STM)
Basic frame structure
270 . columns (bytes)
"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

9N
1
3
4
5

261 N

Section
Overhead
(SOH)
Administrative
Unit Pointer(s)

STM-N payload
125 s

Section
Overhead
(SOH)
9
Adaptation between the higher order path layer and the multiplex section layer.
information payload (the higher order Virtual Container)
administrative Unit pointer which indicates the offset of
the payload frame start relative to the multiplex section frame start.
SDH = Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

UMT/TRD/CN/0002 01.02/EN

November, 2000

ATM Architecture

3-14

Physical Layer
4 - Rate Decoupling

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

ATM transmitter

ATM receiver
Distribute

Queue

Remove
idle cells

VPI/VCI

VPI/VCI

VPI/VCI

Insert
idle cells

VPI/VCI

VPI/VCI
VPI/VCI

The ATM switch inserts /removes idle cells

to fill gaps in traffic arriving at different rates
UMT/TRD/CN/0002 01.02/EN

November, 2000

ATM Architecture

3-15

Physical Layer
5 - Cell Delineation

CRC
Does these 8 bits
define a correct HEC?

32 bits

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

Bit stream

NO==> then new computation after a 1 bit shift

Cell arrives

5 consecutive
bad HECs
found

HUNT state
Search for
synchronization
(HEC correct)
Correct HEC found Incorrect HEC
found
PRESYNC state
Continue search
3 consecutive
correct HECs found
SYNC state
Receiving cells

UMT/TRD/CN/0002 01.02/EN

November, 2000

ATM Architecture

3-16

Inverse Multiplexing for ATM

1 - Overview

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

IMA
Group

PHY
PHY

Single ATM Cell stream

from ATM Layer

PHY

Physical Link 0
Physical Link 1
Physical Link 2

PHY

IMA
Group

PHY
PHY

Original cell stream

passed to ATM Layer

IMA Virtual Link

Tx direction cells distributed across links in round robin sequence

Rx direction cells recombined into single ATM stream.

The IMA technique involves inverse multiplexing and de-multiplexing of ATM cells
in a cyclical fashion among links grouped to form a higher bandwidth logical link
whose rate is approximately the sum of the link rates.
This is referred to as an IMA group.
UMT/TRD/CN/0002 01.02/EN

November, 2000

ATM Architecture

3-17

Inverse Multiplexing for ATM

2 - Layer Reference Model
ATM Layer

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

IMA Transmission
Convergence Sublayer

Physical
Layer

Interface Specific
Transmission Convergence
Sublayer
Physical Medium
Dependant Sublayer

The main functions of the IMA sublayer in User Plane:

ATM Cell stream splitting and reconstruction
ICP cells insertion/removal
Cell rate decoupling
IMA Frame synchronization
Stuffing
Discarding of cells with bad HEC
ICP = IMA Control Protocol

UMT/TRD/CN/0002 01.02/EN

November, 2000

ATM Architecture

3-18

Inverse Multiplexing for ATM

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".

3 - IMA Frame Structure

ATM

...

ATM ATM Filler ICP2 Filler

...

Filler ATM Filler ICP1 ATM

...

Filler ATM Filler ICP0

Filler

...

ICP2 ATM Filler Filler ATM

...

ICP1 Filler ATM ATM Filler ...

ICP0 ATM Filler Filler

M-1
Filler ...

M-1

ATM ATM ICP2 ATM ATM

IMA Frame 2

2
...

M-1

Filler ATM ICP1 ATM ATM

IMA Frame 1

2
...

Filler ATM ICP0 ATM

Link 0

Link 1
.
.
.

N links in the
IMA Group

Link N

IMA Frame 0

Time

ATM ATM Layer Cell

Filler Filler Cell
ICPi ICP Cell in frame #i
UMT/TRD/CN/0002 01.02/EN

Two IMA OAM cells

are defined
for use the IMA protocol.

November, 2000

The IMA frame is used as the unit of control

in the IMA protocol.
It is defined as M consecutive cells,
numbered 0 to M-1 on each link,
across the N links in an IMA group.
The IMA frame is aligned on all links.
Aligned means that it is transmitted, simultaneously.
ATM Architecture

3-19

UMT/TRD/CN/0002 01.02/EN
November, 2000
ATM Architecture
3-20

"Confidential information -- may not be copied or disclosed without permission".