LINCOLNSHIRE FIRE & RESCUE

BUILDINGS AND
STRUCTURES 1
Building Types
and Components

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AIM
To provide students with a
basic understanding of
building design and the
principal components.

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LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the session students will be
able to:

State the commonly used construction

materials and types.
Identify types of doors and windows
commonly used.
List the principal components of a
staircase.
List the types of roof commonly found.
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COMMON BUILDING
MATERIALS

Brick
Block
Stone
Concrete
Timber
Metal

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BUILDING BOARDS

Fibre
Plaster
Asbestos
Plywood
Block
Plastic

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TYPES OF BUILDINGS

Solid or traditional construction

Structural steel frame construction

Reinforced concrete construction

Modular system construction

Portal frame construction

Composite construction.

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SOLID CONSTRUCTION

Solid load bearing walls

Cast iron columns

Set back at upper floors

Commonly made of brick, concrete
blocks or stone
Cast iron or timber beams
Warehouses, mills, factories and
offices.
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BUILDINGS AND
STRUCTURES

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STRUCTURAL STEEL

High number of design options

Large shopping centres, sports centres

and multi-storey offices.

Skeletal framework often complex

Loads carried by beams
Structure is covered by cladding
Large use of glass, polycarbonate and
plastic

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STRUCTURAL STEEL
Main beams

Roof spans between main beams

Tie Beam

Secondary beam

Stanchions

Floor spans between main

beams

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REINFORCED CONCRETE

Alternative to steel frame

Columns support beams on which are laid

slab flooring sections

Columns, beams and slabs integrally cast

to form a monolithic structure

Two common methods of construction.

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REINFORCED CONCRETE(1)
Pre cast reinforced concrete frame

Factory produced frame components

Transported for assembly on site

Similar techniques to steel frame.

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REINFORCED CONCRETE(2)
Composite construction

Utilises the advantages of modern

lightweight structural steelwork

Marriage between steelwork & pre cast

concrete columns.

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COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
Concrete
Spine beam

Steel
Spine
beam.

Gable
columns
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MODULAR STRUCTURES

Pre fabricated components

High design flexibility

Specially designed connectors

Encased in concrete to provide a degree of

fire and corrosion protection.

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MODULAR BUILDING

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TYPICAL MODULAR CONNECTOR

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HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK

FLOORING
R.C. edge beam
Concrete ribs
Hollow clay
floor blocks Concrete topping

Ceiling Voids
finish
Reinforcement
Rib reinforcement

Filler tiles

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HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK

Cement/sand screed

Floor finish

Void
Internal support
Typical hollow floor unit details
Cement/sand
Floor finish
Grouted joints
screed

Typical channel section floor unit details

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PRE CAST CONCRETE SLAB

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DOORS, WINDOWS AND

ROOFLIGHTS
TYPES OF DOOR

Hinged
Swing
Revolving
Sliding
Folding
Cantilever
Roller shutter
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HINGED DOORS

Most commonly found type

All close against a rebate on the door

jamb

Four commonly found types

Flush
Panelled
Ledged
Metal
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SWING DOORS

Pin hinges allow door to swing in any

direction

Door jamb not fitted with a rebate

Often partially glazed using wired glass or

copper glazing bars

Found in restaurants, department stores and

hotels.
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REVOLVING DOORS

Present an obstruction to firefighting

operations unless dealt with

Usually 4 or 2 wings

Designed to be collapsed down

Essential they are used in conjunction with

a hinged door.
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SLIDING DOORS

Solid or lattice construction

Widely used in commercial buildings

Can slide on one or both sides of an

opening or into a central recess

Lattice type usually for security or to

protect an area such as a lift or lift shaft.
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FOLDING DOORS

Usually lightweight construction

Similar in design to hinged doors

Two or more leaves hinged together

Whole door opens to one side only

Often used to separate two rooms.

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CANTILEVER DOORS

Door is counter balanced and pivoted so it

rises upwards

Lies horizontal when open

Generally fits flush to the opening when

closed

Usually found on garages.

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ROLLER SHUTTERS

Nearly always made of steel

Small examples can be raised by hand

Large examples usually operated by means

of gearing and handle or chain and block

Usually found on commercial premises.

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FIRE DOORS
A standard fire door will:

Serve to contain the outbreak of fire

A closed door restricts oxygen movement,

thus helping to starve the fire

Restrict the spread of fire gases into

otherwise unaffected parts of the building

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WINDOWS

Allow natural light into a building

Serve to provide ventilation to rooms

Generally two types, referred to according to

the method of opening
Casement
Sash

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CASEMENT WINDOWS

The simplest form consists of a

rectangular frame with the casement
hung on it

When more than one casement can be

opened it is referred to as a 2,3 or 4 light
casement.

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VENTLIGHT
TRANSOM.

FRAME

CASEMENT
DEADLIGHT
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SASH WINDOWS

Pivoted sash - opening part supported by

pivots at each side of opening part of
window or top and bottom

The term SASH refers to the opening

portion and includes the glass and the
surround

Partially inside and outside of opening when

open.
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SASH WINDOWS
Sliding sash windows
Slide vertically
Double hung is the common form of this
type of sash, both sashes slide vertically in
the frame
Another type consists of two sashes, one or
both of which can be opened horizontally
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Lincolnshire Fire and Rescues Training Centre

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STAIRS AND
ROOFS
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STAIRS
Common materials

Wood

Stone

Pre cast concrete

Steel

Composite

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STAIRS
RISER

NOSING

TREAD

CAPPING

STRING

BEARER
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STAIRS

HEADROOM

BANNISTER
RISE

NEWEL
POST
GOING

RUN

SPANDREL

PITCH LINE
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ROOF DESIGN

Flat roofs

Pitched roofs
Mansard
Trussed
Portal or ridge-framed

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PITCHED ROOFS

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PITCHED ROOFS

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CONFIRMATION
Assessments will be based on this lesson and
the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes

State the most commonly used construction

materials and types

Identify types of doors and windows

commonly used

List the principal components of a staircase

List the types of roof commonly found.
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THE END
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