Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lesson #1 Brain Excitements For The 21 Century: Idan Segev
Lesson #1 Brain Excitements For The 21 Century: Idan Segev
Idan Segev
Lesson #1
Brain excitements for the 21st century
Kick start
Great thinkers think about the brain
How it (us) all started?
Brain Blossom worldwide
Structure of modern brain-research centers
The problem with understanding the brain
"You, your joys and sorrows, your memories
and your ambitions, your sense of personal
identity and your free will are in fact no
more than the behavior of a vast assembly
of nerve cells and their associated
molecules"
(Francis Crick, Nobel Laureate 1962 the
father of DNA).
Or
1300
Culturalevolution
CellPhones,ICT
Brain weight - gr
1200 Today
Brainweight(gr)
1100
ModernComputers
70years
1000
900 Science
3,000years
800
1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
Million years Millions Language/Math
Millionsofyearsago 5,000years
CultureexplosionofHomosapienssapiens
Art
(60,00030,000ago)
1. Brain Blossom Worldwide
Neuroscience of
Neurological & cognitive
Disorders
Human
Human&&Primate
Primate
Behavior
Behavior andCognition
and Cognition
Plasticity
Plasticity&&Developmental
Developmental
Neuroscience
Neuroscience
Computational
Computational
&&
theoretical
theoretical
Quantitative
QuantitativeAnalysis
Analysis Neuroscience
Neuroscience
of Neuronal circuits
of Neuronal circuits
The da Vinci generation of brain researchers
Neurobiology &
Psychology
Medicine
1.AllenInstituteSeatle,USA(Mouse/Humanbrainatlasrecentlynew
focusonmousevision)
2.JaneliafarmDC,USA(IndustrialscaleInst.forconnectingnetwork
levelanatomyandphysiologytosspecificbehavior)
3.EUHumanBrainProjectEPFL,LausanneSwitzerland(ICTbasedbrain
researchplatform,integratingdataandknowledgefromdifferentdisciplines,
andcatalyzingworldwideefforttoachieveunderstandingofthebrain,
proposenewtreatmentsforbraindiseasesandnewbrainlikecomputing
technologies)Lesson#7.
4.PresidentObamasBrainActivityMapinitiative(Creatingrevolutionary
toolstomeasure/stimulatemillionsorevenbillionsorneurons
simultaneously)
Spatial scale
Nanometers
Recent Brain-Excitements
S. Ramon Y Cajal
Camillo Golgi
1. We will have, for the first time ever, the blue print (the
anatomical foundation) of a whole (healthy and sick) brain
Brainbow transgenes drive the combinatorial expression of several fluorescent proteins (XFPs) in
neurons, resulting in the colour-tagging of individual cells.
Spikes in a cell
Brainactivatedrobotarm
CourtesyofMiguelNicolelis(DukeUniversity)
Monkeys brain activity used for self feeding with a robotic arm
Normal
The
Basal
Ganglia
Parkinson
Parkinson
Courtesy of Hagai Berman, Hebrew Univ.
Implanting stimulating electrodes in patients brain (fully alert)
Stimulating
electrodes
Pulse
generator
Deep Brain Stimulation
(For ameliorating Parkisons symptoms)
Post-operation Pre-operation
Patient: Male, 58 years old (PD Eight years, with extreme on-off)
Courtesy of Hagai Bergman, Zvi Israel, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem
ture challenges for BMI
1. Developchronicbrainnanoprobes
2.Developtelemetriccommunicationwiththebrain
3.Developrealtimemulti
(millions?)signalprocessing
methods
4.Improvingroboticarmand
ClosingtheloopStimulation+
recording
CourtesyofMiguelNicolelis(DukeUniversity)
Frontier 4. Optogenetics
Frontiers 3: OPTOGENETICS
Optical stimulation (and recording) from single neurons in the living brain
Channel Rhodopsin opens with blue light Natronomonas pharaonis activated with yellow light
Causes spikes Prevents spikes
CourtesyofKarelSvoboda,JaneliaFarm
Frontier 5. Computer simulation of neuronal circuits
Integrating anatomical and physiological data to provide understanding
CourtesyofHenryMarkramandtheBlueBrainteam(EPFL,Switzerland)
Step1Mathematicalmodelsofneuronsspikingactivity
real
model
Connecting model components (modeled neurons) as in real cortical circuit
Computer voyage into cortical circuit (the cortical column)
Computer simulation of 10,000 neurons and 100 M
synapses in 2 cubic mm of cortical circuit
(electrical activity is color coded)
End of lesson 1