INTRODUCTION

TO
MATRICES
 INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

A MATRIX IS AN ARRAY OF NUMBERS WHICH CAN BE

SQUARE OR RECTANGULAR. THE ELEMENTS OF
MATRICES MAY TAKE MANY FORMS, REAL, COMPLEX
CONSTANT OR EVEN ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS. IN A
BROADER SENSE IT CAN BE REGARDED AS COLLECTION
OF VECTORS
COLUMN MATRIX
A MATRIX COMPRISING OF A SINGLE COLUMN
ROW VECTOR
IT IS A MATRIX CONSISTING OF SINGLE ROW
NULL MATRIX
SINGLE MATRIX WHOSE ALL ELEMENTS ARE ZERO
SQUARE MATRIX
WHEN NUMBER OF ROWS AND COLUMNS ARE EQUAL
 INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

DIAGONAL MATRIX
A MATRIX WHOSE ALL ELEMENTS EXCEPT FOR THOSE
ON LEADING DIAGONAL ARE ZERO
SCALAR MATRIX
WHOSE ALL DIAGONAL ELEMENTS ARE SAME
IDENTITY MATRIX
A DIAGONAL MATRIX IN WHICH ALL ELEMENTS ON
LEADING DIAGONAL ARE 1
TRIANGULAR MATRIX
A MATRIX WHOSE ALL TERMS ABOVE OR BELOW THE
LEADING DIAGONAL ARE ZERO. WE CAN HAVE UPPER
TRIANGLE OR LOWER TRIANGLE
 INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

BANDED MATRIX
ALL NON ZERO ELEMENTS ARE BANDED AROUND THE LEADING
DIAGONAL

SPARSE MATRIX
A FULL MATRIX WITH ZERO ELEMENTS SPARSE AT RANDOM

SYMMETRIC MATRIX
A MATRIX WHOSE TRANSPOSE IS EQUAL TO ITSELF

SKEW MATRIX
A MATRIX WHOSE TRANSPOSE IS EQUAL TO ITS NEGATIVE. SKEW
MATRIX HAS ALL DIAGONAL TERMS EQUAL TO ZERO. HERE IN
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS THE SKEW MATRIX WILL HAVE NON
ZERO DIAGONAL TERMS
 INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

ADDITION SUBTRACTION
The two matrices are conformable or compatible for addition or subtraction if
and only if these have same dimensions i.e same number of columns and rows
CUMULATIVE LAWS

A B B A
: : : :
ASSOCIATIVE LAW

A ( B C ) ( A B ) C
: : : : : :
t t
( A B ) ( A B )
t
: : : :
 INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

MULTIPLICATION OF MATRIX BY A SCALAR

A aij (MULTIPLICATION WITH ALL ELEMENTS OF THE MATRIX)

:
( A B) A B
: : : :
(1 2 ) A 1 A 2 A
: : :

MATRIX MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

TWO MATRICES WILL BE MULTIPLICATIVE CONFIRMABLE IF AND
ONLY IF NUMBER OF COLUMNS IF FIRST IS EQUAL TO NUMBER
A ROWS
OF C MATRIX
. BOF SECOND
: mxn : nxp : mxp
k n
Cij aik bkj (i = 1 TO n, j = 1 to n )
k 1
 INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

A. B B . A
: : : :
A( B C ) A . B A . C
: : : : : : :
A( B . C ) ( A . B) C
: : : : : :
EXPLAIN WITH EXAMPLE THAT HOW COMPUTATION
INCREASES OR DECREASES
TRANSVERSE AND INVERSE OPERATION
t t
(A ) A
: :
1 1
(A ) A
: :
 INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

1 t t 1
(A ) (A )
: :

D ABC
: : : :

t t
D C B At t
: : : :

1 1 1 1
D C B A
: : : :