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4 Pistons, Rings, Rods
4 Pistons, Rings, Rods
Connecting Rods
Pistons
Moly Graphite
Piston Skirts
Finished
perpendicular
to the head
Scuffing
promotes
blow-by
A low-friction moly coating on the skirt of
this piston helps prevent piston scuffing
when the engine is cold.
Piston Composition @ Process
Iron heavy machinery or old school
Piston Composition @ Process
Aluminum - cast
Pour aluminum into a
mold
Light-weight
economical
Some silicone added
General usage
Brittle
Somewhat
unpredictable expansion
qualities
Piston Composition @ Process
Hypereutectic
Cast aluminum
with a high silicon
content
Light-weight
Higher
performance
Less brittle
Predictable
expansion qualities
Piston Composition @ Process
Aluminum - Forged
Can be made lighter weight
(smaller) than cast because
its stronger
Can withstand abuse
Newer designs have
predictable expansion
qualities
Silicon & Nickel added
Greater piston to wall
clearance
Notice the temperature
difference between a forged
piston and a cast piston.
Pistons are often cam-ground to
produce the elliptical shape when
the piston is at room temperature.
Piston diameter
being measured
using a micrometer.
Piston (wrist) Pins
High-Quality steel
Usually Hollow
Cross-sectional piston
pins.
Most piston pins are
hollow to reduce
weight and have a
straight bore.
Some pins use a
tapered bore to add
strength.
Piston pin is offset
toward the major thrust
surface.
TECH
TIP
Engine rotation and rod angle during the
power stroke causes the engine to press
harder against one side of the cylinder,
creating a major thrust surface.
In this clockwise-rotating engine, as
viewed from the front of the engine, the
major thrust surface is on the left side.
Piston Pin Retaining Methods
Full Floating
Lock Rings
Ring expander
Compression Ring Composition
Pearlitic
Nodular Iron
Ductile Iron flexible
Cast Iron
Chromium - .0004 - durable
Molybdenum reduced scuffing
Chrome-moly
The preferred material for compression rings is a
low-alloyed, heat-treated nodular cast iron
(KV1/GOE 52). This material is characterized by
a high bending strength of min. 1300 MPa and a
high modulus of elasticity attributable to a
martensitic microstructure and spherulitic
graphite structure.
In the 2nd groove, alloyed grey cast irons are used in a
heat-treated condition.
Besides having a high bending strength and modulus of
elasticity, an increased hardness of 320 to 470 HB is
produced in order to obtain the required wear resistance in
the uncoated condition.
The demand for high wear strength is also met by the use
of a tempered, alloyed cast iron (GOE 44). This has the
benefit of a high bending strength of min. 800 MPa and
high modulus of elasticity.
The good wear resistance results from the combination of
a fine-pearlitic matrix structure and finely dispersed,
precipitated secondary carbides.
Unalloyed grey cast iron is used for 2-piece oil
rings in the 3rd groove. These ring materials
(STD / GOE 12, GOE 13) are characterized by a
fine-lamellar graphite structure in a pearlitic matrix
and have good conformability due to a relatively
low modulus of elasticity.
Reduced width piston rings in gasoline engines to match
reductions in the overall height of pistons, and increasing
combustion pressures in diesel engines call for materials with
increased strength characteristics.
These challenges are met by the use of high-chromium alloyed
steels and spring steels.
The greater durability under increased stresses is demonstrated
by the improved fatigue strength manifested as form stability in a
comparison of S/N curves for different piston ring materials
(spherulitic, heat-treated cast iron versus heat-treated 18%
chromium steel).
The wear resistance derives from finely distributed
chromium carbides of the type M23C6 and M7C3 embedded
in the tempered martensite matrix.
For improved wear resistance these steels are mainly
used in a nitrided condition or with a peripheral coating.
The steels mentioned are used chiefly as compression
ring materials for gasoline engines and truck diesel engines
as well as for the steel rails and expander-spacers of oil
control rings and for 2-piece profiled steel oil rings.
Pearlitic Rings
Asked Question
Gapless Ring
Combustion chamber pressure forces
the ring against the cylinder wall and
the bottom of the ring groove.
These are the two sealing surfaces
that the top ring must be able to seal
for maximum engine power.
Fitting Piston Rings
Cast aluminum
Forged aluminum
Lightweight
Stretch easily
Connecting Rods
Powdered metal
Pre-balanced
Fractured parting line
Connecting Rods
H-Beam Design
A typical connecting rod and related engine
parts. The connecting rod is probably the
most highly stressed part in the engine.
Combustion forces try to compress it and
when the piston stops at the top of the
cylinder, inertia forces try to pull it apart.
Some connecting rods have balancing
bosses (pads) on each end of the rod.