You are on page 1of 76

immune system

:



( (smallpox )
.( 1798


.
.
,

.

.
.



.



) (cowpox
.
1796 .
.


.

" vaccination ".

.
) ( microorganisms.

.

: .

. .

)
(
.

.


.

.
.



.


.
.




.



.

.


.


.



.
.
:
.
35
.


.


.
:





.



.
:


.


.


:
....
,


.

:
, , ,
.



)
( .


.



.



.




.

.


.

.

: .


.

.
) , (...
.

) PH ( 2
.


.

.
.

.
.

.


,,...
.
,
.





.



.
.

.

.

.
B. T
.
:
.

.
): 1
(

,
, .

, .

,

.


.

20 .
.

.

.

,
, .


.
,

.

.



.
) (.

mRNA
.


.
10,000 6000 . 3

.

)(.
)(. .
white blood cells
4.000
10.000 .


. 200000



.


.

) .( Granulocytes
) ( Agranulocytes



.
:

) ( Granulocytes
** % 45 % 75 .

** ) (
, .

** 12-8 .

** .

- ) : ( neutrophils
%60
, .

): (eosinophils
1 %3
, ,
.

)( .
.
) :( basophils
0 % 1 ,


.
* ) ( Agranulocytes
:

-1 ):(lymphocytes
20 ,% 45 .
.
.
.
, .
200-100 .

)(. .
2000 1 3
.
:

) (natural killer cells


T) .B (non T non B cells

.
T )
( .

T
.
T:
T ) ( cyto-toxic T cells . TC
.
T Helper T cells ) : .( TH
(B (T
.
T -
. T T
) (suppressor T cells . TS
T NKT
NK . CD1d
T

TC
. MHC1
TC
)( Apoptosis
DNA
.
.
DNA DNA
.
T )-(Th T
T MHC .2
T) .(Helper T cells, +CD4

,

B ,
MHC 2
. T
: Th
()- Th1
,
. Il-2(2)
Tc
B
. IgG2a
()- Th2 ,
,,
..
-Il-2, Il-5, Il-6 iL10 TGF,
B
Antigen presentation stimulates T \IgA, IgE, IgM .IgG-1
.
"cells to become either "cytotoxic
CD8+ cells or "helper" CD4+ cells
MHC II T.
MHC - -
. T T-
MHC , ,
. T CD4 MHC-
.
B
),( Bursa

.
, B

) ( Payer
.

" "
-2 - ):(monocytes

.% 8- 1
)(.

20-12.


.
. T


)()
.( macrophages
" " ). ( immune system

)
(...
) .(...
" " )immune
. ( system




-.
.

.
:
*

. *
.
* ""
" "
.



.



,




,
....

)(
.

:


.


) (.




)(
.


.
/

.
,


.
-1 -T 2
.B
)(
B
B
"
" ( -
( antibodies

.

.

)

(
)
(
.
)( antibodies

.

B
"" B
TH
.

) .( plasma cells


.


.
" "Y
4
)( " "L
)(" "H

)Immune-
( globulins . Ig


.
:
IgD, IgE, IgA, IgG, IgM
. IgG

An antibody is made up of two heavy
. IgG
.chains and two light chains
The variable region,which differs from one
antibody to the next, allows an antibody to
.recognize its matching antigen


:
IgG

IgMIgG

.

.
, B

" "Y ,


.

. IgG
.

10.
complex )
IgM ( IgG

) complement-
( system .

.

.
B T
B
.
B T.
) 50-25 (
) ( monocytes .
.
.
.

) (
. MHC2
MHC2
. TH B
. TH
.
TH B
IL-2
IL-4 . IL-6
The T lymphocyte activation pathway. T cells contribute to immune defenses in two
major ways: some direct and regulate immune responses; others directly attack infected
or cancerous cells.
The B lymphocyte activation pathway. B cells produce antibodies that identify and
neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses


) (,
.T
T Tc

T (Helper)Th: 2

. Lymphokiens
T ) (Ts suppressor
T
.

Th Ts
Th




) ( .
T B




.
TC
TC


. MHC1
TC


) ( Apoptosis
DNA


.
Killer T cellsalso called cytotoxic T
attack other cells carrying certain
foreign or abnormal molecules on their
surfaces
" " ).( vaccination-


" " ""
).( vaccination-
:
* )(
* - )(.
) (

:
.
.
.

.


.
( . )

.
) (

.
.

. .
-
.
. " "
.
) (
. TC
.
) ( TC
.
. " "
.

.
) (

.

.

.
.

.
.
.

.


.
.
.
-

1978
,
.
,

, 1911 P.Rous

.
1978
, HTLV(Human T-cell
) , Lymphotoropic Virus
.
HIV (human
) immunodeficienoy virus ,
"" T
T
: , T4

.
HTLV
:
- )Aquired -
.(Immunodeficiency Syndrome Aids
T ) Adult T cell Leukemia -
( ATL
.
T
.
T

,
,
.
1978 ATL
, HTLVI 1983
HTLV . HIV


)(RNA ,

) (

.

RNA RNA
,
RNA

, RNA

. reverse transcription
3 9000 -5000
) (%70 - %60

20000 3 4000
.
12-6 / 3



chemotaxis :

.




.




.






.

.

) (

T T
) + (

.
T
B . Tk
Tk

Tk
.Tk
B


B



.

1

)

( )
(



.T

Ts
:

.


T B


.
*
6
,
110
90

.

You might also like