Chng III: TRUYN HNH K THUT S

Bi 1: c im truyn hnh s
1. Gii thiu chung
TH s l h thng truyn hnh m tt c cc thit b t to ngun, lu tr,
x l, truyn dn, thu tn hiu truyn hnh u da trn cng ngh k
thut s. Trong , tn hiu TH l cc dy xung vung ng vi cc chui
bt d liu nh phn 0, 1.
Cng ngh truyn hnh s ang bc l th mnh tuyt i so vi cng
ngh tng t. Trong tng lai gn, truyn hnh th gii s tin ti s
ha hon ton.
TH s ra i c tnh kt hp vi truyn hnh tng t: c th s dng cc
thit b u cui tng t sn c.
u im ca TH s:
Tn hiu s t nhy cm vi cc dng mo xy ra trn ng truyn.
C kh nng pht hin li v sa sai.
 Tnh a nng v linh hot trong qu trnh x l tn hiu.
Hiu qu s dng ti nguyn tn s v c kh nng truyn nhiu
chng trnh trn mt knh RF.
Tnh phn cp: c th c truyn mt chng trnh c phn gii
cao duy nht hoc mt vi chng trnh c phn gii tiu chun.
Kh nng ti nhiu dng thng tin khc nhau.
Tit kim nng lng, vi cng mt cng sut pht, din ph sng ln
hn cng ngh tng t. Cng sut my pht s ch bng 1/4 cng sut
my pht tng t.
Truyn hnh s vi cng ngh mng n tn (SFN) c th tit kim
c ti nguyn tn s.
D dng thch nghi vi cc bc pht trin tip theo sang truyn hnh
phn gii cao hoc pht thanh vi cht lng CD trong tng lai.
Th trng a dng, c kh nng cung cp nhiu loi hnh dch v.
Hon ton c kh nng ho nhp vo xa l thng tin.
 S khi

Tn hiu
Thit b pht
truyn hnh
Bin Nn M ha iu
analog i Ghp knh ch
A/D knh

Knh
Tn hiu thng
tin
Thit b thu
truyn hnh
analog Bin Tch Gii m Gii
i knh ha iu
D/A gii knh ch
nn

Bin i AD, DA.

Nn v gii nn.
M ha v gii m ha knh
iu ch v gii iu ch s.
Knh thng tin: V tuyn v hu tuyn.
2. c im ca TH s
Yu cu v bng tn ln hn: V d h NTSC tn hiu tng hp c bng
tn 4.2 MHz, khi s ha tn s ly mu 4f SC: 14,4 MHz x 8bit/mu =
115,2 Mbit/s, rng bng tn khong 58 MHz. Bin php khc phc nn
tn hiu s.
T l tn hiu trn tp m S/N: cao hn nhiu so vi tn hiu tng t. i
vi tn hiu s nhiu l cc bit li c khc phc bng mch sa li. Khi
c qu nhiu bit li, s nh hng ca nhiu c lm gim bng cch
che li, t s S/N ca h thng s gim rt t hoc khng i. ngha: c
im c ch cho vic sn xut chng trnh truyn hnh vi cc chc nng
bin tp phc tp, cn nhiu ln c v ghi, vic truyn tn hiu qua nhiu
chng cng c thc hin rt thun li vi tn hiu s m khng lm suy
gim cht lng tn hiu hnh.
Mo phi tuyn: Tn hiu s khng b nh hng bi mo phi tuyn trong
qu trnh x l v truyn dn.
 Gi thnh v phc tp: vi s pht trin ca nghnh cng nghip
truyn thng s v cng nghip my tnh v cng ngh mch tch hp.
Gi thnh r hn v phc tp gim dn.
X l tn hiu s: dung lng lu tr ln, tc chp x l tng, dng
chng trnh truyn hnh, nn, m ha bo mt, chuyn i chun
Khong cch gia cc trm ng knh: Tn hiu s cho php cc trm
truyn hnh ng knh thc hin mt khong cch gn nhau hn nhiu
so vi h thng tng t m khng b nhiu. Mt phn v tn hiu s t
chu nh hng ca nhiu ng knh, mt phn l do kh nng thay th
xung ho v xung ng b bng cc t m, ni m h thng tng t gy
ra nhiu ln nht.
Hin tng Ghosts (bng ma):Hin tng ny xy ra trong h thng
tng t do tn hiu truyn n my thu theo nhiu ng. Vic trnh
nhiu ng knh ca h thng s cng lm gim i hin tng ny trong
truyn hnh s.
 Bi 2: S ha tn hiu truyn hnh
1. Gii thiu chung
Chuyn i tn hiu truyn hnh tng t thnh tn hiu s (gi l s ha tn hiu truyn
hnh). C hai phng thc:
S ha trc tip tn hiu video mu tng hp (Composite Signal):
Tc bit u ra thp.
Tn hiu video s tng hp cn mang y cc nhc im ca tn hiu video tng t,
nht l hin tng can nhiu chi-mu.
S ha ring cc tn hiu video thnh phn (Component Signal):
Cc tn hiu video thnh phn: tn hiu chi E Y, 2 hiu mu ER-Y v EB-Y; hoc cc tn hiu
mu c bn: ER, EG, EB c ng thi truyn theo thi gian hoc ghp knh theo thi
gian.
Tc dng bit ln.
Khc phc c cc nhc im ca tn hiu s video tng hp.
Khng ph thuc vo dng h truyn hnh mu PAL, NTSC, SECAM nn to thun li
cho vic trao i cc chng trnh truyn hnh, tin ti xy dng mt chun chung v
truyn hnh s cho ton th gii.
Quc t khuyn co s dng hnh thc bin i ny.
2. S ha tn hiu video mu tng hp
tin ti xu hng chun ho cho cc thit b Video s, ngi ta a
ra hai tiu chun v tn s ly mu l f SA = 4fSC NTSC v 4fSCPAL tn s
ly mu bng 4 ln tn s sng mang mu v s dng 8 bit hoc 10 bit
biu din cc mu.
a. Tn hiu video s tng hp tiu chun 4fSC NTSC
Cc tham s c bn:
Tn hiu vo NTSC
+ Tng s mu trn mt dng 910
video 768 1
+ S mu trn mt dng video 4fsc - 14,32818
tch cc MHZ
+ Tn s ly mu Trc giao
+ Cu trc ly mu +330, +1320,
+ Cc mu +2310, +3030
+ S bt lng t 10 bit/mu
 Cu trc ly mu:
Khong cch ly mu
trng vi nh bin cc
tn hiu EI & EQ.
S mu trn 1 dng:
NSA=FSA/FH=4FSC/FH=
4x3.58MHz/15750Hz=910.
Trong : 768 mu cho
dng video tch cc; 142
mu cho ng b dng.
 Thang lng t:
Quan h gia mc video tng t v thang lng t ng vi m ha 10 bit.
 Cu trc dng s:
Quan h gia dng tng t v dng s.
 Cu trc mnh s:
Quan h gia mnh
tng t v mnh s.
b. Tn hiu video s tng hp tiu chun 4fSC PAL
Cc tham s c bn:

Tn hiu vo PAL
+ Tng s mu cho mt dng 1135
+ S mu trn mt dng tch cc 948
+ Tn s ly mu 4fsc - 17,734475 MHz
+ Cc mu +450; +1350; +2250;
+ Cu trc ly mu +3150
+ S bt lng t ho Cu trc trc giao

8 hoc 10 bit cho mt

mu
 Cu trc ly mu:

Khong cch ly mu ti 45, 135, 225, 315 , khng phi nh ln nht.

VD: sc mu vng c bin ln nht 0.934V nhng mu ln nht ch
0,886V.
 Thang lng t:
Quan h gia mc video tng t v thang lng t ng vi m ha 10 bit.
 Cu trc dng s:
Quan h gia dng tng t v dng s.
 Cu trc mnh s:
Khong xa mnh s
mnh 1: dng 623 n
dng 5.
Khong xa mnh s
mnh 2: dng 310 n
dng 317.
3. S ha tn hiu video thnh phn
a. Tn hiu thnh phn s ha v tn s ly mu:
Theo chun CCIR 601: cc tn hiu thnh phn c s ha gm tn hiu
chi EY, 2 hiu hiu mu ER-Y v EB-Y
Tn s ly mu tn hiu chi l 13,5 MHz c chn sao cho l mt s
nguyn ln tn s dng fH cho c hai tiu chun 525 v 625 dng:
FSA=13,5 MHz = 864 x fH i vi tiu chun 625 (fH = 15625 Hz).
FSA=13,5 MHz = 858 x fH i vi tiu chun 525 (fH = 15750 Hz).

Ph tn hiu chi ly mu tn s 13,5 MHz v ph tn hiu mu ly mu

tn s 6.75 MHz.
b. Cc chun ly mu: C nhiu chun ly mu tn hiu video thnh phn,
im khc nhau ch yu l t l ly mu v phng php ly mu tn hiu
chi v cc tn hiu mu.
Tiu chun 4:4:4

Tn hiu chi EY, 2 hiu mu ER-Y v EB-Y c ly mu trn tt c cc

dng tch cc ca tn hiu video.
VD h PAL: 625 dng (576 dng tch cc) x 720 ct, ly mu 10 bit theo
chun 4:4:4, tc bit u ra:
Tc bit = (720 (EY )+720 (ER-Y )+ 720 (EB-Y)) mu x 576 dng x 10 bit/mu
x 25nh/s = 311 Mbps
 Tiu chun 4:2:2

C 4 ln ly mu chi EY, c hai ln ly mu cc hiu mu ER-Y v EB-Y .

Khi gii m mu im nh ch ly mu chi s ly mu hai tn hiu mu
ca im nh trc .
VD: H PAL ly mu chun 4:2:2, 10 bit/mu th tc bit u ra:
Tc bit = (720 (EY )+360 (ER-Y )+ 360 (EB-Y)) mu x 576 dng x 10 bit/mu
x 25 nh/s = 207 Mbps.
-> Tc bit gim
 Tiu chun 4:2:0

Ly mu chi EY trn tt c cc dng, c cch mt im nh li ly mu cho ch

mt tn hiu mu.
Tn hiu mu c ly xen k theo tng dng VD: dng n ly mu E R-Y th dng
n+1 ly mu EB-Y.
VD: H PAL ly mu chun 4:2:0, 10 bit/mu th tc bit u ra:
Tc bit = (720 (EY )+180 (ER-Y )+ 180 (EB-Y)) mu x 576 dng x 10 bit/mu x 25
nh/s = 155,5 Mbps.
-> Tc bit gim
 Tiu chun 4:1:1

Ly mu chi EY trn tt c cc dng, c 4 mu E Y li ly mu hai tn hiu

mu ER-Y v EB-Y mt ln.
Khi gii m mu 3 im nh sau c suy ra t im nh u.
VD: H PAL ly mu chun 4:1:1, 10 bit/mu th tc bit u ra:
Tc bit = (720 (EY )+180 (ER-Y )+ 180 (EB-Y)) mu x 576 dng x 10 bit/mu x
25 nh/s = 155,5 Mbps.
-> Tc bit bng vi chun 4:2:0.
c. Thang lng t
Quan h tn hiu chi tng t EY v cc mc lng t.
 Quan h tn hiu hiu mu tng t ER-Y v cc mc lng t.
 Quan h tn hiu hiu mu tng t EB-Y v cc mc lng t.
d. Cu trc ly mu
Ly mu thi gian xa dng h 625/50
 Ly mu xa mnh h 625/50
 Bi 3: Nn tn hiu video (Digital video compression)
1. Mc ch nn
Gim tc bit u ra nhm gim rng bng tn cn thit truyn ti
(bandwidth reduction)
 V d vi tn hiu HDTV:
High-Definition Television (HDTV)
- 1920x1080
- 30 frames per second (full motion)
- 8 bits for each three primary colors (RGB)
Total 1.5 Gb/sec!
Cable TV: each cable channel is 6 MHz
- Max data rate of 19.2 Mb/sec
- Reduced to 18 Mb/sec w/audio + control
Compression rate must be ~ 80:1!
Bn cht ca nn Video l mt qu trnh trong d liu biu din lng
thng tin ca mt nh hoc nhiu nh c gim bt bng cch loi b
nhng s liu d tha trong tn hiu Video.
d tha d liu (data redundancy):l trung tm trong nn nh s. d
tha d liu khng phi l mt khi nim tru tng m l mt thc t c
th nh lng c bng ton hc.
D tha v khng gian (spatial redundancy).
D tha v thi gian (temporal redundancy).
2. Nn da trn gim d tha v khng gian (Spatial Redundancy):
Cc im nh ln cn nhau trong mt nh hoc cc nh lin tip nhau th
tng t nhau hoc khc nhau rt t, ta ch cn thng tin v s khc nhau
ny.
 Gim d tha khng gian (Spatial Redundancy Reduction).
Chuyn thnh phn ly mu video t ER, EG, EB sang EY, ER-Y, EB-Y : Mt
ngi km nhy cm vi cc tn hiu mu.
Chia bc nh lm cc Macro Blocks (16x16 pixels) gm 4 Blocks, mi
Block gm 8x8 pixels.
Bin i cosin ri rc DCT (Discrete Cosine Transformation).
Nn khng gian c thc hin bi php bin i DCT trn Block 8x8
pixels da trn phn tch Fourier, trong tn hiu c biu din dng sin v
cos, bin i d liu di dng bin thnh d liu di dng tn s.
Sau bin i DCT, cc gi tr ca block c sp xp theo th t t tri qua
phi v t trn xung di vi cc thnh phn tn s tng dn: t 1 chiu DC
n thnh phn xoay chiu cao nht AC. S bin i gi tr bin (chnh
lch) theo hng no cng ln th gi tr AC theo hng cng cao.
Lng t ha
Bn thn php bin i DCT khng nn d liu
Qu trnh lng t ha v m ha sau DCT thc hin nn data.
 Intra-Frame
Encoded

Quantization Zig-Zag Scan,

major reduction Run-length
controls quality coding
 M ha chuyn i khi (Block Transform Encoding)

DCT

Zig-zag Quantize

011010001011101...

Run-length Huffman
Code Code
 Qu trnh nn
139 144 149 153
DC component
1260 -1 -12 -5
144 151 153 156 -23 -17 -6 -3
150 155 160 163 DCT -11 -9 -2 2 Quantize
159 161 162 160 -7 -2 0 1

original image
AC components 79 0 -1 0
-2 -1 0 0
79 0 -2 -1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
zigzag -1 -1 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 79
1 -2
0 -1
run-length 0 -1 Huffman
10011011100011...
code 0
2
-1
-1
code
0 0

So snh vi qu trnh gii nn

139 144 149 153 -5 -2 0 1 144 146 149 152
144 151 153 156 -4 1 1 2 156 150 152 154
150 155 160 163 -5 -1 3 5 155 156 157 158
159 161 162 160 -1 0 1 -2 160 161 161 162

original block errors reconstructed block

 Mt s vn :
Khi no th vic gim d tha v khng gian gim hiu qu?
Tr li: Khi bc nh c phn gii cao hoc phim c hnh nh v mu
sc bin i nhanh. Nu nn s lm gim cht lng nh.

Original (63 kb)

Low (7kb)

Very Low (4 kb)

V d :
3. Nn da trn gim d tha v thi gian (Temporal Redundancy):
Cc nh lin tip nhau c hnh nh mu sc tng t nhau. C d tha
thng tin.

950 951 952

 C ng theo thi gian
 Gim s d tha v thi gian:
D on b chuyn ng (Motion Compensated Prediction): D on nh
hin ti da trn cc nh c m ha trc .
 Vector chuyn ng (Motion Vector):
 S khi b nn video (video compression encoder)
 S khi b gii nn video (video compression decoder)
 Nhm nh GOP (Group Of Pictures)
Cc loi nh:
nh loi I ( Intra-picture): L nh c m ho c lp, nh I c cha
ng d liu ti to li ton b hnh nh v chng c to thnh bng
thng tin ca ch mt nh, nh I cho php truy cp ngu nhin, tuy nhin
t c t ln nn thp nht.
nh loi P (Predicted - Picture): L nh m ho c b chuyn ng t nh
I hoc nh P pha trc (nh d on trc), nh P cung cp cc h s nn
cao hn nh I.
nh loi B (Bidiretional Predcited-picture): L nh c m ho s dng
b chuyn ng t nh I v nh P pha trc v pha sau (nh d on hai
chiu), nh B c t l nn cao nht.
 Cu trc ca GOP:
GOP m lun bt u bng mt nh I v kt thc mt nh trc nh I
tip theo.
Type Size Compression
---------------------
I 18 KB 7:1
P 6 KB 20:1
B 2.5 KB 50:1
Avg 4.8 KB 27:1
-------------------

T l nn ph thuc vo
t l s lng nh B, P
trong mi GOP
 Mt s vn :
Khi no d tha v thi gian gim hiu qu?
Tr li: - Khi nhiu cnh thay i trong nh.
- Di chuyn tc cao
4. Cc chun nn video hin ti

STANDARD APPLICATION BIT RATE

JPEG Continuous-tone still-image Variable
compression
H.261 (1990) Video telephony and p x 64 kb/s
teleconferencing over ISDN
MPEG-1 (1991) Video on digital storage media 1.5 Mb/s
(CD-ROM)
MPEG-2 (1993) Digital Television > 2 Mb/s
H.263 (1995) Video telephony over PSTN < 33.6 kb/s
MPEG-4 (1993) Object-based coding, Variable
synthetic content, interactivity

H.264 (2003) From Low bitrate coding to HD Variable

Advanced Video encoding, HD-DVD,
Coding Standard Surveillance, Video
conferencing.
 Chun nn H261 (1990):
Truyn video hai chiu thi gian thc, ng dng trong thoi video v hi
ngh video.
Chun ly mu 4:2:0. H.261 h tr tc bit p*64 kbps (p=1..30).
CIF: Common
Intermediate Format
QCIF: Quarter CIF.

S dng nh I v P (cha c nh B).

Bi 4: iu ch tn hiu truyn hnh s

DVB: Digital Video Broadcast

DVB-S: Satellite
DVB-C: Cable
DVB-T: Terrestrial
1. S khi h thng truyn hnh s DVB (Digital Video Broadcast)

S tng qut pha pht/thu ca DVB

 Pha pht:
Cc dng chng trnh truyn hnh s sau khi nn MPEG2 (video &
audio) s c phn chia thnh cc dng ng gi c s PES (Packetized
Elementary Stream) i n b ghp knh. Dng d liu u ra l cc gi c
di 188 byte (1byte ng b+187byte d liu).
Tip theo cc gi d liu s qua mt lot cc qu trnh x l:
Ngu nhin ha bi chui gi ngu nhin PRBS: phn tn nng lng
trong ph tn hiu s v xc nh s nh phn thch hp (loi b cc chui
di 0 v 1).
M ha sa li Reed Solomon. FEC: Forward Error Correction
M xon, m chp: loi b tnh thng k ca nhiu.
nh dng d liu (symbol mapping): Lc v bin i D/A to ra cc tn
hiu analog I/Q tng ng vi symbol.
Cc tn hiu I/Q c a vo b iu ch tng ng: QPSK (satellite) and
QAM (cable) or COFDM (terrestrial) vi IF carrier.
Tn hiu IF s c i tn ln RF pht ra mi trng truyn dn. VD:
DVB-S tn s downlink bng Ku t 10,7 12,75 GHz.
DVB-T: VHF 47-230 MHz &UHF 470 860 MHz.
 Pha thu:
Tn hiu RF t mi trng truyn dn i vo b i tn xung IF. VD:
DVB-S: Ku: 10,7 12,75 GHz qua b LNC (Low Noise Converter)
chuyn xung IF1: 950 2175 MHz, sau khi la chn knh tip tc i tn
xung IF 2: 480 MHz.
BVB-C v DVB-T: Chuyn t RF: 47 860 MHz xung trung tn IF
36,15 MHz.
Gii iu ch tng ng: COFDM (T), QAM (C), QPSK (S) khi ph
hai tn hiu I, Q.
Bin i ADC, Lc, nh dng li d liu (sysbol remapping), thc hin
qu trnh sa li, khi phc li cc gi truyn ti PES 188 byte.
Gii ngu nhin ha, v tch knh theo yu cu ngi s dng.
Gii nn MPEG2 video v audio ca chng trnh mong mun.
S b thu DVB-T (set top box)
2. c im ca iu ch truyn hnh s
DVB-S:
Khong cch truyn ln 36 000 Km, suy hao v nhiu ng truyn ln.
Cng xut pht nh, tn hiu n anten thu mt t rt yu, C/N nh <
10dB.
Anten nhn thy nhau, khng chu nh hng ca a ng.
-> Chn phng php iu ch QPSK cho t s C/N ln, vi bng tn rng
27 36 MHz (analog FM ang tn ti).
DVB-C:
Khong cch truyn nh, nhiu nh, t s C/N ln >30dB.
Chu nh hng ca hin tng vng (echoes) tn hiu do phn x ti cc
node trong mng, tuy nhin nh hng ny nh.
-> Chn phng php iu ch 16 - 256 QAM, bng tn hp 6 8 MHz
(analog AM)
DVB-T:
Khong cch truyn nh, cng sut pht ln.
nh hng nghim trng bi hin tng a ng.
-> Chn phng php iu ch COFDM, bng tn hp 6 8 MHz.
 iu ch bin trc giao QAM (Quadarture Amplitude Modulation):
Cc phng php iu ch s ASK, FSK: hiu sut bng thng km, yu
cu nng cao tc bit trn bng tn cho trc.
Phng php iu ch QAM: ban u ng dng cho iu ch tn hiu mu
trong h NTSC 1954. Sau ng dng cho iu ch s nng cao hiu sut
bng thng.
S khi iu ch v gii iu ch QAM:
 u vo n bit, n/2 bit cho mi knh I, Q.

Ta c th biu din s trng thi (symbol) tng ng trn mt phng I & Q

gi l chm sao (Constellation). Mi im l mt ngi sao (star) tng ng
vi 1 symbol biu din cc bit.

Chm sao QPSK (4-QAM)

2 bits/symbol.
 Sau khi thc hin bin
i DA, hai tn hiu
analog I & Q a vo
iu bin ring bit vi
hai sng mang trc giao.

Chm sao 64-QAM,

6 bits/symbol
3. iu ch trong DVB S v DVB C
Mi quan h gia BER (Bit Error Ratio) v SNR trong iu kin l tng
i vi iu ch QAM:

Nhn thy rng vi cng BER, QPSK cho SNR ln hn 12dB so vi 64

QAM.
 Da vo c im v mi trng truyn cng nh hiu sut bng thng ti
a c th t c, ng thi qua th nghim thc t ta a ra la chn
phng php iu ch:

DVB-S: QPSK vi 2 bits/symbol.

DVB-C: 64-QAM vi 6 bits/symbol.

Vi DVB-T: Do nh hng nghim trng bi a ng, bin n

b thu bin i, BER ln hn mc cho php. Nn khng s dng
QAM cho DVB-T.
 nh hng ca nhiu n vic gii iu ch QAM:
Chm sao u ra ca b gii iu ch QPSK trong u thu v tinh:

Chm sao QPSK vi nhiu trong DVB-S

 Chm sao u ra ca b gii iu ch 64-QAM trong u thu cp:

Chm sao 64-QAM vi

nhiu S/N=23dB

Nu S/N ln hn mc cho php, b gii iu ch s khng phn bit c

im trong chm sao vi cc im ln cn n -> sai li symbol.
 Vi TH cp, ngoi nh hng nhiu trn ng truyn cn c nh hng
ca hin tng vng tn hiu trong mng. ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference)
rt ln nn khng th phn bit cc im ln cn.

Constellation of 64-QAM with echoes Constellation of 64-QAM with

echoes after equalizing
Trong u thu DVB-T s dng b lng t ha vng tng thch khi
phc li chm sao tng i chnh xc.
4. iu ch trong DVB-T
S dng iu ch phn chia theo tn s trc giao m ha COFDM (Coded
Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation):
Phn chia bng tn s s dng thnh nhiu bng hp, mi bng hp l mt
sng mang con iu ha v cc sng mang ny l trc giao vi nhau (hng
nghn sng mang).
Dng bt d liu tc cao s phn chia thnh cc lung tc bt thp
hn, mi lung s c iu ch bi cc sng mang trc giao.
Tnh trc giao: nh ph ca sng mang ny tng ng vi gi tr khng
trong ph ca cc sng mang khc.

Ph OFDM vi s sng mang N=5

 Chu k biu tng Ts: thi gian truyn i 1 symbol.
1/Ts: l khong cch tn s gia hai sng mang con lin tip.

Ph OFDM vi s sng mang N=32

 S dng COFDM trit tiu nh hng ca a ng:
i vi h thng n sng mang (QAM): my thu s c gng gii iu ch
d liu bng cch kim tra tt c thng tin nhn c lin quan n symbol
th n k c thng tin thu trc tip ln thng tin thu c do tr.

Tdelay>>Tsymbol Tdelay<Tsymbol
gim ISI th phi gim tc symbol ngha l khong cch pht 2
symbol lin tip (Tsymbol) phi ln hn rt nhiu so vi thi gian tr ln nht
Tdelay -> gim tc bit -> khc phc bng s dng nhiu sng mang
OFDM.
 S dng nhiu sng mang trc giao: Khi chu k s dng li ca mt
sng mang con l rt ln. Chu k ny ln hn rt nhiu so vi thi gian tr
ln nht ca symbol. Do thi gian x l cho cng mt sng mang vi
cc tr ca n s tng ln -> gim ISI.
Chn thm khong bo v GI (Guard Interval): Nu khong t hp thu
c tri di theo 2 symbol th khng ch c nhiu ca cng sng mang
(ISI) m cn c nhiu xuyn sng mang (ICI). trnh iu ny chng ta
chn thm khong bo v gip m bo cc thng tin tng hp l n t
cng mt symbol v xut hin c nh.
GI c chn phn u ca thi gian ca 1 symbol.
GI l copy ca on cui symbol vi 1 khong thi gian bng 1/4, 1/8,
1/16, 1/32 ca 1 symbol.
 Tn hiu a ng thu c khng c khong bo v:

P e rfc e c t
TV
p ic t u r e
CAM

3
th
Pa Pa
th
1
th 2
Pa
DVB-
T
TRX
" B la n k
s c re e n "

P a th 1

P a th 2

P a th 3

C o m b in e d
?? ?? ?? a n te n n a
in p u t
I n v a lid d a t a w it h in I n v a lid d a t a w it h in I n v a lid d a t a w it h in (P a th
s y m b o l d u r a t io n s y m b o l d u r a tio n s y m b o l d u r a t io n 1+2+3)
 Tn hiu a ng thu c c khong bo v:
P e rfc e c t TV
p ic t u r e
CAM

3
th
Pa Pa
th
1
th 2
Pa
DVB-
T
TRX P e rfc e c t
p ic tu re

P a th 1

P a th 2

P a th 3

C o m b in e d
a n te n n a
?? ?? ?? in p u t
(P a th
V a lid d a ta f o r s y m b o l V a lid d a t a f o r s y m b o l V a lid d a t a f o r s y m b o l 1+2+3)
d u r a tio n d u r a t io n d u r a tio n
 Tc dng ca COFDM + GI: trit tiu a ng

A n a lo g u e te le v is io n a n d m u ltip a th

P e rfc e c t TV CAM
p ic tu r e

o .2
o nn
cti
fle
Di
re Re
ct
p ath

n o. 1
ion
fl ect
Re

A n a lo g u e
TV
TRX
P Pe ref rcPf ececer tcf ct e c t
p ipc i tcu tpru ei rc et u r e
 D ig ita l te le v is io n (C O F D M ) a n d m u ltip a th

P e rfc e c t TV CAM
p ic tu r e

2
no.
n
tio
f lec
Di R e
re
ct
p at h

1
no .
ion
fl ec t
Re

D V B -T
TRX

P e rfc e c t
p ic tu r e
 M hnh nguyn l iu ch COFDM:
Hai ch 2K v 8K tng ng vi s lng sng mang 1705 v 6817
trn bng tn 8 MHz.
O F D M s p e c tru m
N u m b e r o f c a r r ie r s :
2 K : 1 .7 0 5
8 K : 6 .8 1 7

s p a c in g
8 K : 1 .1 k H z
2 K : 4 .4 k H z

C a r r ie r 1 C a r r ie r 2 C a r r ie r 3 C a r r ie r n - 2 C a r r ie r n - 1 C a r r ie r n

+ C a r r ie r 1 DAC AM

C a r r ie r
+
90 deg O SC
+
M apper
(D a ta , T P S
a n d P ilo ts )
+ DAC AM

1000 1010 0010 0000

C a r r ie r n
1001 1011 0011 0001

+ 1101 1111 0111 0101

1100 1110 0110 0100

C o m p o s ite w a v e fo r m
e q u a l to th e s u m o ff
a ll 6 8 1 7 / 1 7 0 5 c a r r ie r s
 COFDM thc t s dng IFFT: chip vi x l vi DSP
Bin i FFT v IFFT
D is c r e te fr e q u e n c y
c o m p o n e n ts o f th e
w a v e fo rm
T
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8
Re
S&H f
FFT 0
and Im
p ro c e s s o r
A /D c o n v . S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 0
f

F = s a m p le f r e q . / n u m b e r o f s a m p le s

D is c r e te fr e q u e n c y
c o m p o n e n ts o f th e
w a v e fo rm
T
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8
R e
f
0 IF F T
Im p ro c e s s o r D /A c o n v .
f
0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8

F o r C O F D M th e in p u t to
th e IF F T is th e r e a l a n d
im a g in a r y v a lu e s fo r e a c h
o f th e c a r r ie r s in th e
C O FD M sym bol
 iu ch COFDM dng IFFT:
O FDM
M P E G -2 O u te r In n e r IF o r c a r r ie r
T S a d a p ta tio n & M apper
TS
E n e rg y C oder and Coder and IF F T RF
d is p e r s a l
In te r le a v e r In te r le a v e r c o n v e rte r

Re 1 ,2 ,3 ....1 .7 0 5 (6 .8 1 7 )
I Baseband
I+ Q
IF F T +
Im 1 ,2 ,3 ....1 .7 0 5 (6 .8 1 7 )
Q

1 : T h e c o m p le te s e t o f R e a n d Im v a lu e s (o n e p a ir p e r c a r r ie r )
is s to r e d in th e IF F T p r o c e s s o r .

2 : T h e fr e q u e n c y c o m p o n e n ts o f th e s p e c tr u m (th e in d iv id u a l
c a r r ie r s ) a r e th e n tr a n s fe r r e d to th e tim e d o m a in (a
w a v e fo r m in tim e ) b y th e IF F T
 s
896
224

Cc mode trong DVB-T

Tham s Mode 2K Mode 8K

S lng sng mang con 1705 6817

rng symbol c ch(TU) 224us 869us

Khong cch sng mang (1/TU) 4464hz 1116Hz

Bng thng 7.61Mhz 7.61Mhz

Khong bo v T/4, T/8, T/12 T/4, T/8

Phng thc iu ch QPSK, 16-64QAM QPSK, 16-64QAM

T l m 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8

1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8
 Exercise: Calculation of the useful bit-rate in a common DVB-T transmission example (UK
case):
8MHz channel;
2K mode (8K or 2K is unimportant for the bit-rate);
modulation: 64-QAM;
guard interval: 1/32;
code rate: 2/3.
We have 1705 useful carriers modulated in 64-QAM (6 bits/symbol) with a symbol frequency
of 4464.286 Hz, which gives a bitrate of:
151264464.286 = 40.500 Mb/s
The bit-rate calculation must take into account the guard interval (i.e., 32/33 with = 1/32) and
the channel coding overheads (i.e., 2/3 for puncturing and 188/204 for RS coding), therefore
the useful bit-rate:
4050031/322/3188/204 = 24.128 Mb/s
This bit-rate, depending on the trade-off between picture quality and number of programs per
channel chosen by the broadcaster, allows transmission of four to six TV programs.
Depending on the trade-off between robustness and bit-rate chosen by the broadcaster (or the
broadcasting regulation authority), the DVB-T system can carry the following minimum and
maximum bitrates in an 8MHz channel:
Minimum bit-rate: 4.98 Mb/s (QPSK modulation, guard interval 1/4, code rate 1/2)
Maximum bit-rate: 31.67 Mb/s (64-QAM, guard interval 1/32, code rate 7/8)
One can see that the bit-rate can vary in a ratio from 1 to more than 6!
 Phn chia knh truyn:

time
Channel
Bandwidth

frequency
sub-band

time
segment
 T chc sng mang:

OFDM symbol

time
Channel
Bandwidth
y
enc

OFDM symbol sub-carriers

qu
fre
 Khong bo v:

Guard Used
Interval part
duration duration

time
Channel
Bandwidth

OFDM
symbol
duration
 ng b: H thng DVB-T s dng cc sng mang "pilot", tri u n trong
knh truyn dn, ng vai tr lm cc im nh du ng b.

DVB-T Transmission Frame

Boosted pilot

time
Channel
Bandwidth
ncy
que
fre

Khc vi sng mang cc chng trnh, cc pilot khng iu ch QAM, m ch

iu ch BPSK vi mc cng sut ln hn 2,5 dB so vi cc sng mang khc.
Hnh 6 biu din phn b sng mang pilot ri rc v lin tc vi mc cng sut
ln hn cc sng mang d liu 2,5 dB.
 Cc pilot (sng mang) lin tc: bao gm 177 pilot vi 8K, v 45 pilot vi
2K. Cc pilot ny c v tr c nh trong di tn 8MHz v c nh trong
biu chm sao u thu sa li tn s, t ng iu chnh tn s
(AFC) sa li pha.
Cc pilot (sng mang) ri rc (phn tn): bao gm 524 pilot vi 8K, v 131
pilot vi 2K c v tr c nh trong biu chm sao. Chng khng c v
tr c nh trong min tn s, nhng c tri u trong di thng 8MHz.
Bn my thu khi nhn c cc thng tin t cc pilot ny s t ng iu
chnh t c "p ng knh" tt nht v thc hin vic hiu chnh
(nu cn).
 Mang d liu:

USEFUL DATA

PROTECTED DATA

GUARD INTERVALL INSERTION

1 GUARD USED PART

0 intervall of the symbol
1
1
0 time

OFDM
SYMBOL
(PILOTs NOT REPRESENTED ) DURATION
 Hin nay trn th gii tn ti song song ba tiu chun truyn hnh s. l:
ATSC (Advanced Television System Commitee) ca M.
iu bin ct 8VSB (Vestigal Side Band). Khng c kh nng thu di ng,
khng chng c a ng v khng thit lp mng n tn.
DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting) ca Chu u.
ISDB-T (Intergrated service Digital Broadcast) ca Nht.
Ging nhau: u s dng iu ch COFDM. C kh nng thu di ng,
chng a ng v thit lp mng n tn.
Khc nhau:
ISDB-T s dng ghp xen thi gian.
Phn on vng tn s cho cc dch v khc nhau: 10 khong cho dch
v video v 3 khong cho dch v audio.
Khng tng thch vi DVB-S v DVB-C.