I HC QUC GIA H NI

TRNG I HC CNG NGH

PHM VN HIN

PHN TCH MT S YU T C BN TO NN
TNH U VIT CA TIU CHUN TRUYN HNH
S DVB-T2 SO VI DVB-T

NGNH : CNG NGH IN T - VIN THNG

CHUYN NGNH : K THUT IN T
M S : 60520203

LUN VN THC S CNG NGH IN T - VIN THNG

NGI HNG DN KHOA HC: TS. NG THI TR

H NI - 2014
 LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan ni dung ca lun vn Phn tch mt s yu t c bn
to nn tnh u vit ca tiu chun Truyn hnh s mt t th h th
hai (DVB-T2) so vi DVB-T l sn phm do ti thc hin di s hng dn ca
TS. Ng Thi Tr. Trong ton b ni dung ca lun vn, nhng iu c trnh by hoc
l ca c nhn hoc l c tng hp t nhiu ngun ti liu. Tt c cc ti liu tham
kho u c xut x r rng v c trch dn hp php.
Ti xin hon ton chu trch nhim v chu mi hnh thc k lut theo quy
nh cho li cam oan ca mnh.

H Ni, ngy 01 thng 10 nm 2014

TC GI

Phm Vn Hin
 LI CM N

Trc tin ti xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti tp th cc cc thy c gio

trong Khoa in t - Vin thng, Trng i hc Cng ngh, i hc Quc gia H
Ni gip tn tnh v chu o ti c mi trng tt hc tp v nghin cu.

c bit, ti xin by t lng bit n su sc ti thy gio TS. Ng Thi Tr

ngi trc tip hng dn, ch bo ti tn tnh trong sut qu trnh nghin cu v
hon thin lun vn ny.

Mt ln na ti xin c gi li cm n n tt c cc thy c gio, bn b, ng

nghip gip ti trong thi gian va qua. Ti xin knh chc cc thy c gio, cc
anh ch v cc bn mnh khe v hnh phc.

H Ni, ngy 01 thng 10 nm 2014

TC GI

Phm Vn Hin
 MC LC

M U...........................................................................................1
CHNG I TRUYN HNH S MT T THEO TIU CHUN CHU
U (DVB-T)........................................................................................3
1.1 Tiu chun truyn hnh s mt t ETSIEN 300744...............3
1.1.1 Phm vi ca tiu chun......................................................3
1.1.2 Ni dung chnh ca tiu chun...........................................3
1.2 Thc hin bng cch s dng COFDM......................................9
1.3 Ghp a tn trc giao OFDM....................................................9
1.3.1 Nguyn l OFDM:...............................................................9
1.3.2 S lng sng mang.........................................................10
1.3.3. c tnh trc giao v vic s dng DFT/FFT....................12
1.3.4 T chc knh trong OFDM.................................................15
1.3.5. Phng thc mang d liu trong COFDM.........................19
1.4. M ha knh trong DVB-T......................................................20
1.4.1. M ha phn tn nng lng........................................... 21
1.4.2. M ngoi (outer coding)...................................................22
1.4.3. Ghp xen ngoi (outer interleaving)................................22
1.4.4.M ho ni (inner coding).................................................24
1.4.5.Ghp xen ni....................................................................26
1.5 .Mt s kh nng u vit ca DVB-T.......................................31
1.5.1 iu ch phn cp...........................................................32
1.5.2. Mng n tn SFN...........................................................37
1.6. Kt lun chng I..................................................................40
CHNG II. TNG QUAN TRUYN HNH S MT T DVB-T2........41
2.1. Nhng u im c bn ca tiu chun DVB-T2:....................41
2.2. M hnh cu trc ca h thng DVB-T2:................................42
2.3. Mt s tnh nng m rng ca DVB-T2..................................44
2.3.1. Cc thng s m rng ca DVB-T2:.................................44
 2.3.2. Gii php k thut c bn trong DVB-T2 :.........................44
2.4. Kt lun chng II.................................................................59
CHNG III: PHN TCH MT S YU T C BN TO NN TNH
U VIT CA DVB-T2 SO VI DVB-T................................................61
3.1. Kch thc FFT.......................................................................61
3.1.1 Cc thng s m rng FFT................................................61
3.1.2. Kt qu o kim thc t...................................................63
3.2. M rng bng thng..............................................................64
3.3. Pilot tn x............................................................................66
3.4. Khong bo v - GI................................................................67
3.4.1. Cc ch iu ch v khong bo v - GI......................67
3.4.2. Kt qu o kim thc t...................................................72
3.5. Chm sao xoay......................................................................74
3.5.1 Mt s thng s chm sao xoay........................................74
3.5.2 Kt qu o kim................................................................76
3.6 Kt lun chng III.................................................................81
KT LUN CHUNG............................................................................82
TI LIU THAM KHO.......................................................................83
 DANH MC T VIT TT

Advanced Television System Commitee

Active Constellation Extension - m rng chm sao tch cc (dng
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying - Kho dch pha hai mc
BCH bose-chaudhuri -hocquenghem
Consultative Committee on International Telegraph and Telephon
Consultative Committee on International Radio
Comt Europen de Normalisation ELECtrotechnique
Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Common Source Intermediate Format
DCT Discrete Cosine Transform - Chuyn i cosin ri rc
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform - Chuyn i Fourier ri rc
DPCM Differential Pulse Code Modulation - iu ch xung m vi sai
Differential Quadratue Phase Shift Keying
Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting - Qung b truyn hnh s
DVB-C DVB - Cable - Truyn dn truyn hnh s qua cp
DVB-S DVB - Satellite - Truyn dn truyn hnh s qua v tinh
DVB-T DVB - Terrestrial - Truyn dn truyn hnh s mt t
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
ES dng c bn (Elementary Stream)
FEC Forward Error Correction - Hiu chnh li trc
FFT Fast Fourier Transform - Chuyn i Fourier nhanh
FSK Frequency Shift Keying - Kho dch tn
GOP Group Of Pictures - Nhm nh (trong Mpeg)
HDTV High Definition TeleVision - Truyn hnh phn gii cao
I In-phase - ng pha (dng trong QAM)
Q Quadrature phase - Vung pha (dng trong QAM)
IDFT Inverse DFT -DFT ngc
International Electrotechnical Commission (part of the ISO)
IFFT Inverse FFT - FFT ngc
Intergeted Services Digital Broadcasting - Terrestrial
ISO International Standard Organization - T chc tiu chun quc t
International Telecommunication Union
LP Low Priority bit stream - Dng bt u tin thp
PLP Physical Layer Pipes - ng lp vt l (dng trong DVB-T2)
Low Density Parity Check- kim tra cng u tin thp (dng
MB Macro Block - Khi macro (dng trong MPEG-2)
ML Main Level (dng trong MPEG-2)
MP Main Profile (dng trong MPEG-2)
MPEG Moving Pictures Experts Group
MISO (Multiple Input, Single Output) - a anten pht, mt anten thu
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OOK On-Off-Keying - Kho tt m
Phase Alternating Line
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation - iu ch bin vung gc
QPSK Quadratue Phase Shift Keying - Kho dch pha vung gc
RS Reed-Solomon
SDTV Standard Definition TeleVision - Truyn hnh phn gii tiu chun
SFN Single Frequency Network - Mng n tn s
TS Transport Stream - Lung truyn ti
TR Tone Reservation - hn ch m sc
UHF Ultra-High Frequency
VHF Very-High Frequency
VLC Variable Length Coding - M c di thay i
VSB Vestigial sideband - Bin tn ct
 DANH MC CC BNG

Bng 1.1: S puncturing v dy c truyn sau khi bin i ni

tip
song song..................................................................................25

Bng 1.2: Hon v cc bit theo mode 2k.................................... 31

Bng 2.1: V d so snh DVB-T2 vi DVB-T ti Anh.....................42

Bng 2.2: V d v cu hnh DVB-T2 c ghp bi 3 ng lp vt l48

Bng 3.1: Thng s kch thc FFT trong DVB-T2 / 8MHz...........61

Bng 3.2: Cc thng s o vi FFT thay i 8K v 16K..............64

Bng 3.3: Tng lu lng d liu knh truyn tng ng vi cc ch

sng mang m rng..................................................................65

Bng 3.4 : Cc dng pilot tn x [tham kho theo TS 102 831].67

Bng 3.5: di khong bo v trong DVB-T2 (knh 8Mhz)......69

Bng 3.6: Tc bit cc i v cu hnh trong knh

8MHz,32k,1/128,PP7 71

Bng 3.7 : Kt qu o kim khi FFT: 32K thay i GI..................73

Bng 3.8 : Kt qu o kim khi FFT: 16K thay i GI..................73

Bng 3.9: Gi tr ca gc xoay...................................................76

Bng 3.10: Cc thng s o khi cha xoay chm sao................78

Bng 3.11: Cc thng s o khi cha xoay chm sao................80

 DANH MC HNH V

Hnh 1.1: S khi chc nng h thng pht hnh s mt t. .5

Hnh 1.2: Hin tng tr gy xuyn nhiu gia cc symbol.......11
Hnh 1.3: Chn thm khong bo v........................................13
Hnh 1.4: Chn thm cc scattered pilot....................................15
Hnh 1.5: Phn chia knh...........................................................16
Hnh 1.6: V d v p ng knh thay i theo thi gian vi hai ng
tr,
mi ci c mt dch tn Doppler khc nhau, cng vi ng tn hiu
chnh. Trc z miu t p ng knh...........................................16
Hnh 1.7: Chn cc sng mng ph...........................................17
Hnh 1.8: Chn khong bo v...................................................17
Hnh 1.9: Dng tn hiu minh ha khi c khong bo v............18
Hnh 1.10: Cc sng mng ng b...........................................18
Hnh 1.11: Thc hin mapping d liu ln cc symbol...............19
Hnh 1.12: Chm sao c s ca DVB-T.......................................20
Hnh 1.13: S d miu t nguyn l ngu nhin,.......................21
gii ngu nhin chui s liu.....................................................21
Hnh 1.14: S nguyn l ca b ghp v tch ngoi.............23
Hnh 1.15: Cc bc trong qu trnh ngu nhin, m ngoi, ghp ngoi
(n =
2,3,..8).......................................................................................24
Hnh 1.16: S thc hin m chp tc 1/2.........................25
Hnh 1.17 S thc hin vic ghp ni v mapping theo m hnh khng
phn cp v mapping theo m hnh phn cp...........................29
Hnh 1.19: Chm sao phn cp DVB-T.......................................33
Hnh 1.20: S ph sng tng trng s dng iu ch phn cp 35
Hnh 1.21: ng b min tn s................................................38
Hnh 1.22: ng b v mt thi gian.........................................39
Hnh 2.1: M hnh cu trc DVB-T2............................................43
Hnh 2.2: M hnh h thng ca DVB-T2.....................................45
Hnh 2.3: Vai tr T2-Gateway......................................................46
Hnh 2.4: Cc ng lp vt l.......................................................48
Hnh 2.5: Khung T2 vi ch M-PLP.........................................50
Hnh 2.6: DVB-T2 vi ch M-PLP cho nhiu dch v khc nhau 50
Hnh 2.7: Mt ph cng sut i vi mode 2K v 32K............52
Hnh 2.8: M hnh MISO..............................................................53
Hnh 2.9: Mu hnh Pilot phn tn i vi DVB-T(tri) v DVB-T2(phi) ..54
Hnh 2.10: th chm sao 256-QAM.........................................54
Hnh 2.11: Chm sao 16-QAM xoay............................................55
Hnh 2.12: Hiu qu ca chm sao xoay so vi khng xoay........55
Hnh 2.13: Tro t bo................................................................57
Hnh 2.14: Tro thi gian............................................................59
Hnh 3.1: Mi lin h gia kch thc FFT v GI..........................62
Hnh 3.2: Ph tn hiu DVB-T2 l thuyt vi khong bo v - GI=1/8 (knh
8Mhz vi ch sng mang m rng 8K, 16K, 32K).................65
Hnh 3.3: th chm sao 256-QAM...........................................68
Hnh 3.4: GI biu din theo min thi gian................................70
Hnh 3.5: Tc bit cc i vi cc ch Khong bo v khc nhau 72
Hnh 3.6: Biu chm sao ca iu ch 16-QAM.....................74
Hnh 3.7: Biu chm sao xoay ca iu ch 16-QAM.............75
Hnh 3.8: C s ca b iu ch m ha xen bit vi tr v nh x xoay76
Hnh 3.9: Chm sao khi cha xoay.............................................77
Hnh 3.10: Chm sao khi xoay...............................................79
 M U

Vi s pht trin ca kinh t v khoa hc k thut, cc nghnh cng ngh

trong c cng ngh in t vin thng c s pht trin vt bc trong ba thp
k va qua em li nhiu thnh tu pht minh ng dng trong sn xut, trong i
sng x hi. Cng ngh truyn hnh l mt b phn quan trng trong lnh vc in
t vin thng, n c nhng ng dng rng ri to ln trong pht trin vn ha i
sng tinh thn x hi. Trong hn mt thp k qua chng ta chng kin s
chuyn i mnh m ca cng ngh truyn hnh t phng thc tng t xang
cng ngh s. Vit Nam qu trnh chuyn i ny thc s ngon mc vi s ph
cp tng bc trong lnh vc truyn hnh qung b v truyn hnh tr tin. T u
nhng nm 90 cho n nay nghnh truyn hnh ng dng cc thnh tu v cng
ngh truyn hnh s trong truyn dn v tinh, pht trin mng truyn hnh cp v
ph cp h thng truyn hnh s mt t.
Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh truyn hnh, chun truyn hnh s
DVB-T l chun pht sng truyn hnh s mt t c trin khai thnh cng,
c nhiu nc chp nhn. Tuy nhin, t sau s ra i ca chun DVB-T th cc
nghin cu v k thut truyn dn vn tip tc c trin khai . Mt khc, nhu cu
v ph tn cao cng khin cho vic gia tng hiu qu s dng ph tn ln mc ti
a cng cp thit. T pht trin ln chun truyn hnh s mt t th h th 2
l DVB-T2.
Chun truyn hnh s mt t DVB-T2 vi rt nhiu u im vt tri so vi
DVB-T m c rt nhiu thng s mi nh mng c th la chn ty vo mc
tiu ca mnh cng nh a hnh, a im khc nhau. l l do em chn ti:
Phn tch cc nhn t c bn to nn tnh u vit ca tiu chun
Truyn hnh s mt t th h th hai (DVB-T2) so vi DVB-T
B cc lun vn bao gm ba chng, trong chng I: Truyn hnh s mt t
theo tiu chun DVB-T, trong chng II: Trnh by mt s ni dung chnh ca tiu
chun truyn hnh s mt t DVB-T2. Chng III: Mt s yu t c bn to nn tnh
u vit ca DVB-T2 so vi DVB-T

1
 Sau mt thi gian tm hiu v nghin cu, c s hng dn khoa hc tn
tnh ca TS.Ng Thi Tr, lun vn c hon thnh.Do thi gian c hn, trnh
bn thn cn hn ch, thm vo lun vn ca em l vn tng i mi nn
khng th trnh khi nhng sai st. Knh mong c s ng gp ca cc thy, cc
c cng cc bn.

2
 CHNG I
TRUYN HNH S MT T THEO TIU CHUN CHU U (DVB-T)

1.1 Tiu chun truyn hnh s mt t ETSIEN 300744

Tiu chun pht thanh truyn hnh s mt t ETSI EN 300744 c U
ban k thut pht thanh truyn hnh Chu u JTC nghin cu v xut. Tiu
chun ny c D n truyn hnh s Chu u (DVB project) thng qua ngy
11 thng 6 nm 1999, cng b v ngy 30 thng 9 nm 1999. Thnh lp thng 9
nm 1993, n nay DVB c hn 200 thnh vin thuc 30 nc trn th gii,
nhim v ca n l thit lp mi trng dch v truyn hnh s s dng tiu chun
nn MPEG-2.
JTC c thnh lp nm 1990, l mt t chc kt hp ca U ban pht
thanh truyn hnh Chu u (EBU), U ban tiu chun k thut in t
Chu u (CENELEC) v Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u (ETSI).
1.1.1 Phm vi ca tiu chun
Tiu chun ny m t h thng truyn dn cho truyn hnh s mt t. N
xc nh h thng iu ch, m ho knh dng cho cc dch v truyn hnh s mt t
nhiu chng trnh nh: LDTV/SDTV/EDTV/HDTV.
- Tiu chun m t chung h thng c bn ca truyn hnh s mt t.
- Tiu chun xc nh cc yu cu ch tiu chung, v cc c im ca h
thng c bn, mc ch t c cht lng dch v.
- Tiu chun xc nh tn hiu c iu ch s cho php vic tng
thch gia cc phn thit b c sn xut bi cc nh sn xut khc nhau. t
c iu ny bng cch m t chi tit tn hiu x l pha cc module, trong khi
th vic x l cc my thu l m cho cc gii php thc hin khc nhau.
1.1.2 Ni dung chnh ca tiu chun
- H thng c nh ngha l mt thit b gm nhng khi chc nng, tn hiu
u vo l dng truyn ti MPEG-2 nhn c ti u ra ca b ghp knh
(Multiplexer), u ra l tn hiu RF i ti anten.

3
 H thng tng thch trc tip vi chun nn tn hiu video MPEG-2
ISO/IEC 13818.
Do h thng c thit k cho truyn hnh s mt t hot ng trong
bng tn UHF hin c, nn i hi h thng phi c kh nng chng nhiu tt t cc
my pht tng t hot ng cng knh hoc knh lin k, i hi h thng phi c
hiu sut s dng ph tn cao bng tn UHF, iu ny c th m bo bng vic s
dng mng n tn (SFN).
Hnh 1.1 l s khi ca mt h thng pht hnh s mt t. Cc tn
hiu hnh nh, m thanh s qua mt lot qu trnh x l cui cng ti u ra
anten cng vn l tn hiu cao tn pht i nhng nhng tnh nng u vit ca
truyn hnh s mt t li hon ton c th hin trong cc qu trnh x l ny.
Cc khi nt t trn hnh s c khi cu hnh h thng dng cho iu ch phn
cp. Khi Splitter (b tch) phn chia dng d liu thnh 2 lung vi nhng mc
u tin khc nhau, tc bit v t l m ha khc nhau, c ngha l kh nng
chng li ca tng dng bit l khc nhau. S chung ta thy mt h thng my
pht ch yu s gm phn iu ch OFDM v phn m ho sa li. C th chc
nng ca cc khi nh sau:

4
 Hnh 1.1: S khi chc nng h thng pht hnh s mt t.

a. Phn ghp knh v m ha ngun d liu MPEG-2

Cc tn hiu u vo gm hnh nh, m thanh v cc d liu ph s c s
ha nh khi ghp knh v m ha nn MPEG-2. u ra ca khi ny s l dng
truyn truyn ti MPEG-2 (dng d liu s) vi mt tc bit nht nh a vo
my pht. y l qu trnh s ha tn hiu.

5
b. Khi m ha phn tn nng lng v phi hp ghp knh.
m bo cho vic truyn dn khng c li, dng d liu TS n t
khi nn s c ngu nhin ho. Cc gi d liu ny u tin c nhn dng bi
chui gi ngu nhin PRBS. Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l phn tn nng lng
trong ph tn hiu s v xc nh s nh phn thch hp (loi b cc chui di
0 v 1), ng thi y cng c xem l qu trnh phi hp ghp knh
truyn ti.
c. Khi m ngoi v ghp xen ngoi (Outer encoder and interleaver)
Dng d liu sau khi c ngu nhin ha s tip tc c x l ti khi
m ngoi v ghp xen ngoi. S d gi l "ngoi" v vic x l y l theo byte, cn
m ni v ghp xen ni l x l theo "bit". B m ngoi s dng m Reed-
Solomon RS (204, 188, t=8) m ho d liu c ngu nhin ho nhm to
ra cc gi d liu c bo v li. Do c m ho theo m RS (204,188,
t=8) nn mi gi d liu s c thm 16 bytes sa li v n c kh nng sa ti 8
li trong mt gi. Vic ghp ngoi chnh l ghp cc byte vi mt chu k ghp
qui nh trc, thng su ghp l l=12. y cng l vic nhm gim tnh ph
thuc thng k ca li.
d. Khi m ni (inner encoder)
y l qu trnh m ho tip theo nhng vic m s chi tit n tng bit.
Thng s m ha y chnh l t l m ha n/m (1/2, 2/3, 3/4...). Ngha l c m bt
truyn i th ch c n bit mang thng tin, cc bit cn li l sa li.
e. Khi ghp xen ni (inner interleaver)
D liu n y s c tro hon ton theo tng bit, thng tin s rt khc so
vi ban u. Qu trnh ny gim thiu li n mc ti a.
f. Cc khi iu ch tn hiu (Mapper, Frame Adaptation, OFDM...)
y l qu trnh x l phc tp nht, nhng v nguyn l ta c th hiu
nh sau: d liu sau khi hon thnh m sa li s c nh x ln chm sao
iu ch (khi mapper), v sau khi thm cc pilot ng b, cc d liu s c
a ln cc sng mang. V tt nhin l c rt nhiu sng mang. Vic chn thm

6
cc khong bo v cng s c thc hin nhm ti u ho tnh u vit ca truyn
hnh s.
g. Khi D/A:
Thc ra y khng phi l bin i Digital/Analog thun tu thng
thng. M l qu trnh hon chnh hng ngn sng mang m bo vic
pht tn hiu ln anten. H thng DVB-T c th hot ng trong bng tn 8Mhz,
7Mhz v 6Mhz, ch yu ch khc nhau tn s clock ca h thng v mt s
thng s lin quan n tn s clock s phi tnh li. S cu trc, cc nguyn tc m,
s xp xp, ghp xen c gi nguyn, ch c tc thng tin ca h thng s gim
theo h s 7/8 hoc 6/8.
- Truyn hnh s mt t s dng nguyn l ghp a tn trc giao c m
(COFDM). Ghp a tn trc giao (OFDM) c thc hin tip ni theo sau qu trnh
m ho knh (Channel Coding).
- Ghp knh phn chia tn s (FDM) l c s ca ghp a tn trc giao
OFDM. Dng truyn ti ni tip MPEG-2 u vo c chuyn i thnh n
dng bt song song, vi n ph hp vi s lng sng mang. Nhng dng bt
song song ny s c nh x ln nhng sng mang ring r, nhng sng mang
ring r c ghp trc giao, k thut ny cho php truyn ng thi a sng
mang trn knh truyn m cc sng mang k cn khng gy can nhiu sang nhau.
Nhng sng mang ring r c iu ch QPSK, 16 QAM hoc 64 QAM.
- M ho knh cn thit cho vic truyn ti d liu nhm chng li sai trn
ng truyn do tc ng ca nhiu. M ho knh gm hai phn chnh: khi m
ngoi (Outer Coder) nhm kim sot sa lot li sai xy ra c chiu di xc nh,
khi m ho trong (Inner Coder) nhm kim sot sa v bo li cho mt lot li sai c
chiu di ln hn chiu di li quy nh.

- M ngoi s dng m Reed-Solomon RS(188,204), ghp xen ngoi

(Outer Interleave) c chiu su l=12 bytes, ging nh truyn hnh v tinh v
truyn hnh cp. M trong s dng m vng xon ging nh truyn hnh v tinh vi
cc t l m ho khc nhau.

7
 - Khong bo v mm do cho php thit k h thng vi nhiu cu hnh
khc nhau nh: mng n tn din rng hoc my pht n l, m bo vic s
dng ti a bng tn.
- thch ng vi cc tc truyn dn khc nhau, k thut OFDM c hai
chn la v s lng sng mang, ba s iu ch QPSK, 16 QAM v 64 QAM
v khong bo v khc nhau cho php lm vic vi mng n tn nh v ln.
- Trong mt iu kin xc nh, vic thu chng trnh truyn hnh t mt
s my pht hot ng trn cng mt tn s l rt c li, tt nhin, cc my pht
ny u truyn ti mt chng trnh truyn hnh c ng b cht ch to nn
mng n tn.
- H thng cng cho php hai mc m knh v iu ch phn cp. Trong
trng hp ny s khi ca h thng c thm phn cc khi v t nt nh
trn hnh v 2.1. B chia chia dng tn hiu u vo thnh hai dng tn hiu
MPEG c lp: dng tn hiu c u tin cao v dng tn hiu c u tin
thp. Hai dng bt ny c phn b trn biu chm sao bi khi Mapper.
- m bo c th dng my thu n gin thu c tn hiu phn cp ny,
h thng ch s dng m knh v iu ch phn cp m khng dng m ngun
phn cp. Theo phng thc ny, mt chng trnh truyn hnh c truyn ng
thi di hai dng: tc bt thp vi phn gii thp v dng th hai l tc bt
cao vi phn gii cao hn. Trong c hai trng hp, my thu ch cn mt b bao
gm cc khi vi chc nng ngc li vi my pht: khi gii ghp xen trong, gii
m ho trong, gii ghp xen ngoi, gii m ho ngoi v gii ghp knh. My thu
ch cn c thm chc nng phn tch dng bt c chn t s phn b trong biu
sao.
- iu ch phn cp cho php truyn song song cc chng trnh khc
nhau vi mc sa li khc nhau v vng ph sng khc nhau.
- trnh nhiu do sng phn x hoc do cc my pht lin k trong
mng n tn, khong bo v c a xen vo gia cc symbol lin tip ca

8
OFDM. Nu khng, sng phn x s gy nhiu ln cc symbol nm pha sau v lm
tng t s li. Nh vy, di khong bo v s ph thuc vo ln ca vng
ph sng. Hay ni cch khc, khong cch gia cc i pht k cn s quyt
nh di ca khong bo v. V d, vi mng n tn ln, khong bo v phi t
nht l 200s.
- C 2 phng n v s lng sng mang. Khong cch tt nht l 896s
i vi 8k-mode v 224s i vi 2k-mode. Tng ng vi 2 phng n v s
lng sng mang, khong cch gia cc sng mang s l 1116 Hz v 4464 Hz.
- i vi h thng DVB-T s dng rng bng tn 8MHz, iu ny
quyt nh s lng c th ca sng mang: 6817 sng mang cho OFDM symbol i
vi 8k-mode (6048 sng mang dng truyn thng tin, cn li dng truyn
ngb v tn hiu khc) v 1705 sng mang cho OFDM symbol i vi 2k-mode
(1512 sng mang dng truyn thng tin). Cc OFDM symbols c tnh ton bng
phng php bin i Fourier ngc (IDFT).
1.2 Thc hin bng cch s dng COFDM
p ng cc yu cu cng nh tnh nng ca truyn hnh s mt t,
nhm nghin cu ca DVB-T a ra mt phng thc iu ch mi COFDM.
Tnh u vit cng nh l do ti sao dng phng thc ny s c trnh by
trong phn sau, y l nguyn l ct li ca mt h thng DVB-T.
1.3 Ghp a tn trc giao OFDM
1.3.1 Nguyn l OFDM:
- COFDM l mt phng thc ghp knh a sng mang trc giao trong vn
s dng cc hnh thc iu ch s c s ti mi sng mang. Tuy nhin ta c th gi
l phng thc iu ch COFDM. Phng thc ny rt ph hp cho nhng yu
cu ca pht hnh mt t.
- COFDM ph hp vi iu kin truyn sng nhiu ng, thm ch c khi
c tr ln gia cc tn hiu thu c. Chnh iu ny dn n khi nim
mng n tn (SFN), ni c nhiu my pht cng gi tn hiu ging nhau trn
cng mt tn s, m thc ra y chnh l hiu ng "nhiu ng nhn
to".
COFDM cng gii quyt c vn nhiu ng knh di hp. y l hin

9
tng thng thy trong cc dch v tng t do cc sng mang gy ra.
- Chnh nh cc u im trn m COFDM c chn cho hai tiu
chun pht sng l DVB-T v DAB, v tu theo tng ng dng ca tng loi m c
nhng la chn cng nh yu cu khc nhau. Tuy nhin u th c bit ca
COFDM v hin tng nhiu ng v nhiu ch t c khi c s la chn
tham s cn thn v quan tm n cch thc s dng m sa li.
- tng u tin ca COFDM xut pht t khi xem xt s suy yu xy ra
trong pht sng cc knh mt t. p ng ca knh khng tng ng vi tng
di tn nh do c nhiu tn hiu nhn c (tn hiu chnh + tn hiu echo), ngha l
s khng cn nng lng thu hoc s thu c nhiu hn mt tn hiu.
gii quyt vn ny th c ch u tin l phi phn tch lung d liu truyn
ti trn mt s lng ln cc di tn s nh cch bit nhau, ngha l iu ch d liu
ln mt s lng ln sng mang da trn k thut FDM. V c th xy dng li
c nhng d liu mt bn thu th cn m ha d liu trc khi pht. Do
c mt s c im ch cht sau y gip cho COFDM rt ph hp cho cc
knh mt t, l:
Cc sng mang trc giao - orthogonality (COFDM).
Chn thm cc khong bo v - guard interval.
S dng m sa li (COFDM), xen bit - symbol v thng tin trng
thi knh..
Phn ny chng ta s cng gii thch cc c im ny cng nh ngha ca
chng.
1.3.2 S lng sng mang
- Gi thit rng chng ta iu ch cc thng tin s cho mt sng mang.
Trong mi symbol, chng ta truyn sng mang vi bin v pha xc nh.
Bin v pha ny la chn theo chm sao iu ch. Mi symbol vn chuyn mt
lng bt thng tin nht nh, lng bit ny bng vi loga (c s 2) ca s trng
thi khc nhau trong chm sao.

10
 - By gi hy tng tng l c hai ng tn hiu nhn c vi mt
tr tng i gia chng. Gi s ta xem xt symbol th n c pht i, th my
thu s c gng gii iu ch d liu bng cch kim tra tt c thng tin nhn
c lin quan n symbol th n k c thng tin thu trc tip ln thng tin thu
c do tr.

- Khi khong tr ln hn mt chu k symbol (xem hnh 2.2- tri), th tn

hiu thu c t ng th hai s ch thun tu l nhiu, v n mang thng tin
thuc v cc symbol trc . Cn nhiu gia cc symbol (ISI) ng rng ch
c mt cht t tn hiu tr nh hng vo chu k symbol mong mun (mc chnh
xc tu thuc vo chm sao s dng v mc suy hao c th chp nhn).

- Khi khong tr nh hn mt chu k symbol (hnh 1 .2- phi) th ch mt

phn tn hiu thu c t ng th hai oc xem nh l nhiu v n mang
thng tin ca symbol trc . Phn cn li s mang thng tin ca chnh
symbol mong mun, tuy nhin s ng gp ca n cng c th c ch hoc c th
mang tnh tiu cc i vi thng tin t ng thu chnh thc.

Hnh 1.2: Hin tng tr gy xuyn nhiu gia cc symbol

- iu ny cho chng ta thy rng, nu chng ta mun gii quyt vi tt

c cc mc tn hiu tr khc nhau th tc symbol phi c gim xung sao
cho tng khong tr (gia tn hiu thu c u tin vi tn hiu thu c cui

11
cng) cng ch l mt phn khim tn ca chu k symbol. Khi thng tin m mt
sng mang n vn chuyn s b gii hn khi c hiu ng nhiu ng. Vy th nu
mt sng mang khng th vn chuyn c tc thng tin theo yu cu th tt
nhin s dn n tng chia dng d liu tc cao thnh rt nhiu dng song
song vi tc thp hn, mi dng c vn chuyn bi mt sng mang, ngha l
s c rt nhiu sng mang. y chnh l mt dng ca FDM -
bc u tin tin ti COFDM.

- Mc d vy th vn c th tn ti ISI vi cc symbol trc . kh

hon ton th phi ko di khong truyn ca mt symbol sao cho n ln hn
khong tng hp tn hiu m my thu thu c. Vy th vic chn thm khong
bo v c th l tng tt (chng ta s tr li vn ny sau).
1.3.3. c tnh trc giao v vic s dng DFT/FFT
a. Trc giao
Vic s dng mt s lng ln cc sng mang c v nh khng c trin
vng lm trong thc t: chc chn, chng ta s cn rt nhiu b iu
ch, gii
iu ch v b lc i km theo? V cng c v nh s cn mt di
thng ln hn
cha cc sng mang ny. Nhng tht may c hai iu lo lng ny u
c
xua tan nu chng ta thc hin mt vic n gin sau y: cc sng mang c
t u n cch nhau mt khong fU = 1/ TU, vi TU l khong symbol hu
ch (u: useful) vi iu kin l cc sng mang ny phi c t trc giao nhau.
V ngha vt l: khi gii iu ch tn hiu cao tn ny, b gii iu ch
khng nhn thy cc tn hiu cao tn kia, kt qu l khng b cc tn hiu cao tn
khc gy nhiu.
V phng din ph: im ph c nng lng cao nht ri vo im bng
khng ca sng mang kia. Hn na chng ta s khng b lng ph v mt ph. Cc
sng mang c t rt gn nhau v th tng cng di ph cng ch nh iu
ch sng mang n - nu chng c iu ch vi tt c d liu v s dng b lc
ct nh l tng.
12
b. Cng c tnh trc giao bng khong bo v

Thc t, cc sng mang c iu ch c th phn tch thnh cc s

phc. Nu khong t hp thu c tri di theo 2 symbol th khng ch c nhiu ca
cng sng mang (ISI) m cn c nhiu xuyn sng mang (ICI). trnh iu ny
chng ta chn thm khong bo v gip m bo cc thng tin tng hp l n t
cng mt symbol v xut hin c nh.

Hnh 1.3: Chn thm khong bo v

Mi khong symbol c ko di thm v th n s vt qu khong t hp

ca my thu TU. V tt c cc sng mang u tun hon trong TU nn ton b tn
hiu c iu ch cng vy. V th on thm vo ti phn u ca symbol
to nn khong bo v s ging vi on c cng di ti cui symbol. Min
l tr khng vt qu on bo v, tt c thnh phn tn hiu trong khong t hp s
n t cng mt symbol v tiu chun trc giao c tho mn. ICI v ISI ch xy
ra khi tr vt qu khong bo v.
di khong bo v c la chn sao cho ph hp vi mc hin
tng nhiu ng. DAB s dng khong bo v xp x TU / 4; DVB-T c nhiu la
chn hn nhng ti a cng ch l TU / 4.

Cn nhiu th na c th gy ra s suy gim tnh trc giao v do s gy

ra ICI. Chng c th l cc li xy ra trong cc b to dao ng ni hoc trong vic
ly mu tn s ca my thu hay cc tn hiu tp pha (phase-noise) trong cc b to
dao ng ni. Tuy nhin trong thc t, nhng nh hng ny c th c gi

13
mc gii hn c th chp nhn c.

c. S dng FFT
Chng ta trnh c hng ngn b lc, nh tnh trc giao, vy th vic
thc hin gii iu ch cc sng mang, cc b ghp knh v cc b t hp th sao?
Thc t, chng ta lm vic vi tn hiu thu c di dng ly mu (theo
nh l Nyquyst). Qu trnh t hp tr thnh qu trnh tng kt, v ton b qu
trnh gii iu ch da trn dng bin i Furier ri rc (DFT). Rt may l vic
thc hin bin i Furier nhanh c ri (cc mch t hp sn c), v vy
chng ta c th xy dng thit b COFDM phng th nghim rt d dng. Cc

phin bn chung ca FFT u hot ng trn c s cc mu thi gian 2M (tng

ng vi cc mu c ly trong khong t hp) v vn chuyn cng s lng cc
h s tn (frequency coefficient). Cc h s ny tng ng vi d liu c gii iu
ch t nhiu sng mang. Thc t v chng ta ly mu trn c s gii hn Nyquyst,
nn khng phi tt c cc h s c ly u tng ng vi cc sng mang tch
cc m chng ta s dng. Bin i FFT ngc c s dng trong my pht
to ra tn hiu OFDM t dng d liu u vo.

d. La chn iu ch c s

Ti mi symbol, mi sng mang s c iu ch bi mt s phc ly t

tp chm sao. Nu cng c nhiu trng thi trong chm sao th mi sng mang
cng vn chuyn c nhiu bit trong mt symbol, tuy nhin khi cc im
trong chm sao cng cng gn nhau hn, trong khi cng sut pht th c nh nn
s gim kh nng chng li. Do vy cn c s cn i gia tc v mc li.

Ti my thu, gi tr gii iu ch tng ng (h s tn ly t FFT my thu)

c nhn vi mt s phc tu (p ng knh ti tn s sng mang). Chm sao s
c quay lun phin v thay i v kch c. Vy th lm th no chng ta xc nh
c im trong chm sao m chng ta gi i?

Cch n gin l gii iu ch vi sai (differential demodulation), kiu nh

14
DQPSK trong DAB. Thng tin c mang i chnh l s thay i v pha ca
symbol ny so vi symbol tip theo. Min l knh thay i chm th s khng
c vn g vi p ng knh ca n. S dng qu trnh gii iu ch visai (khc
vi gii iu ch kt hp - coherent demodulation ) s gy ra suy gim v ch
tiu ca nhiu tp m nhit (thermal noise) - tuy nhin DAB khng cn l h thng
chng li mnh. Khi i hi tc ln hn (nh trong DVB-T), s rt c li
nu s dng gii iu ch kt hp . phng php ny, p ng knh s c xc
nh v chm sao nhn c c cn bng chnh xc ri mi xc nh xem im
no trn chm sao c pht i (ngha l xc nh c bit no truyn i).
lm c iu ny DVB-T th mt s pilot phn tn phi c pht km
theo (gi l scattered pilots). Sau php ni suy s c thc hin, s dng b
lc mt chiu hoc hai chiu cn bng tt c chm sao mang d liu.

Hnh 1.4: Chn thm cc scattered pilot

1.3.4 T chc knh trong OFDM

Cc c tnh ca knh truyn dn khng c nh trong min thi gian.
Nhng trong mt khong thi gian ngn th thng l n nh.
a - Phn chia knh
COFDM thc hin vic phn chia knh truyn dn c trong min thi gian
v min tn s, t chc knh RF thnh tp cc "di tn ph" hp v tp cc "on
thi gian" lin tip nhau. Xem trn hnh 1.5 sau y

15
 Hnh 1.5: Phn chia knh

Hnh 1.6: V d v p ng knh thay i theo thi gian vi hai

ng tr, mi ci c mt dch tn Doppler khc nhau, cng vi
ng tn hiu chnh.
Trc z miu t p ng knh.

b - Chn cc sng mang ph

Trong mi on thi gian, gi l mi symbol OFDM, mi di tn ph
c trang b mt sng mang ph. trnh nhiu gia cc sng mang, chng
c b tr vung gc vi nhau, ngha l khong cch gia cc sng mang c t
bng vi nghch o ca mt chu k symbol.

16
 Hnh 1.7: Chn cc sng mng ph

c - Chn khong bo v
Do cc "echo" c to ra bi cc bn sao ca tn hiu gc khi b tr, nn ti
phn cui ca mi symbol OFDM s c nhiu lin symbol vi phn u ca
symbol tip theo. trnh iu ny, mt khong bo v c chn vo mi
symbol nh ta thy hnh 1.8 sau:

Hnh 1.8: Chn khong bo v

Trong khong bo v ny, m thc ra tng ng vi mt nhiu giao thoa gia

cc symbol, cc my thu s b qua tn hiu thu c.

17
 Hnh 1.9: Dng tn hiu minh ha khi c khong

bo v. d - ng b knh

gii iu ch tn hiu mt cch chnh xc, cc my thu phi ly mu

chnh xc tn hiu trong sut khong hu ch ca symbol OFDM (b qua khong bo
v). Do , mt ca s thi gian s c n nh chnh xc ti khong thi gian mi
chu k symbol din ra.
H thng DVB-T s dng cc sng mang "pilot", tri u n trong knh
truyn dn, ng vai tr lm cc im nh du ng b, nh trn hnh 1.10:

Hnh 1.10: Cc sng mng ng b.

18
 Cc tnh nng khc nhau ny (phn chia knh, m ho d liu, chn
khong bo v v cc sng mang ng b) to ra cc c tnh c s ca
phng thc iu ch COFDM.
Tht khng may, tt c tnh nng ny li lm gim tc hu ch ca ti
thng tin. Tuy nhin, ta cng c th cn bng gia kh nng chng li vi dung
lng knh.
V gip cc nh pht hnh c th thoi mi s dng cc h thng
truyn dn ca mnh trong tng iu kin c th, DVB-T a ra nhiu tham s
c th la chn nh: kch c FFT (2K, 8K), t l m ha (1/2, 2/3, 3/4...), v khong
bo v (1/4 TS, 1/8 TS, 1/16 TS...).

1.3.5. Phng thc mang d liu trong COFDM

COFDM cho php tri d liu truyn i trn c min thi gian v min
tn s, sau khi s dng m ha vng bo v d liu.
Do c hin tng fading tn s gia cc di tn cn k, nn COFDM c
s dng xen tn s, ngha l cc bit d liu lin tip nhau s c tri ra trn cc song
mang cch bit nhau.

Hnh 1.11: Thc hin mapping d liu ln cc symbol

19
 Trong DVB-T vic mapping d liu ln cc symbol OFDM thc ra l iu
ch tng sng mang ring r, v c th theo mt trong ba chm sao to phc
4QAM, 16QAM, 64QAM, nh sau

Hnh 1.12: Chm sao c s ca DVB-T

Tu theo dng iu ch c la chn, ti mt chu k symbol cho mi

sng mang s c 2 bit (4QAM), 4 bit (16QAM) hay 6 bit (64QAM) c truyn i.
Mi dng iu ch c mt kh nng chng li khc nhau. Thng th 4QAM c
khong dung sai chu nhiu ln gp 4 n 5 ln so vi 64QAM.

1.4. M ha knh trong DVB-T

Tn hiu a vo l lung s liu ni tip, lung s liu ny bao gm cc gi

c nn theo tiu chun MPEG-2, mi gi d liu c 188 byte (gm c 1 byte
ng b v 187 byte d liu).

Cc gi d liu ny u tin c nhn dng bi chui gi ngu nhin

PRBS. Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l phn tn nng lng trong ph tn hiu s v xc
nh s nh phn thch hp (loi b cc chui di 0 v 1). Cc t m ng b
khng c a vo qu trnh phn tn ni trn.

Sau khi c nhn dng bi chui gi ngu nhin PRBS, cc gi d liu

c a vo b m ngoi (outer coding). Ti y cc gi s liu c ghp

20
thm cc m sa sai vo tng gi.

D liu ly ra khi b m ngoi (outer coding) c a n khi ghp xen

ngoi (outer interleaving) thc hin vic ghp chp. Ti y cc gi s liu c
ghp theo byte. Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l loi b tnh thng k ca nhiu.Ta
s xem xt c th cc loi m ha c dng nh sau
1.4.1. M ha phn tn nng lng

Hnh 1.13: S d miu t nguyn l ngu

nhin,
gii ngu nhin chui s liu.
Nn theo tiu chun MPEG-2 c di 188 byte (gm 1Byte ng b v 187
Byte d liu). Th t x l s lun c bt u t MSB (bit "0") ca byte ng b
gi (01000111).

m bo cho vic truyn dn khng c li, d liu s c ngu

nhin ho theo s trong hnh 1.13.

Thanh ghi dch to ra chui gi ngu nhin gm c 15 bit. a thc to

15
chui nh phn gi ngu nhin s l: 1 + x14 + x

Vic khi to chui gi ngu nhin c thc hin bng cch np chui

21
1001010101000000 vo thanh ghi dch. Qu trnh khi to ny c thc hin theo
chu k c 8 gi MPEG-2 th np mt ln.

to tn hiu ban u cho b tch, byte ng b trong gi MPEG-2 u

tin trong 8 gi MPEG-2 s c o bit (t 47HEX thnh B8HEX). Qu trnh
o bit ny c gi l phi hp ghp truyn ti.
Vic thc hin ngu nhin ho ch p dng vi cc byte s liu do bit u
tin ly ra khi thanh ghi dch s c tch chp vi bit u tin ca byte u tin
theo sau byte ng b c o bit (B8HEX). tr gip cc chc nng ng
b khc, khi 7 byte ng b ca 7 gi tip sau c truyn, chui PRBS vn hot
ng nhng u ra ca thanh ghi dch b kho do cc byte ny khng c ngu
nhin ho. V vy chu k ca PRBS l 1503 bytes.

1.4.2. M ngoi (outer coding)

B m ngoi s dng m Reed-Solomon RS (204, 188, t=8) m ho d liu

c ngu nhin ho nhm to ra cc gi d liu c bo v li.

Do c m ho theo m RS (204,188, t=8) nn mi gi d liu s c thm

20 bytes sa li v n c kh nng sa ti 8 li trong mt gi.
a thc to m l: G(x) = (x + 0)(x +1)(x +2)......... (x+15) Vi = 02 HEX.
M RS ngn c thc hin bng cch thm 51 bytes, tt c l 0, trc khi
byte d liu c a vo b m ho RS. Sau khi m ho RS, th cc byte rng s
c loi b v cc t m RS s cn s byte l N= 204 byte.
1.4.3. Ghp xen ngoi (outer interleaving)
S nguyn l chung thc hin vic ghp ngoi c cho trong hnh 1.14.
Theo s vic ghp chp kiu byte vi su ghp l=12 s c p dng vi
cc gi c ly ra khi b m ngoi. Cu trc d liu sau khi ghp c ch ra
trong hnh 2.15-d. Qu trnh ghp chp ny phi da trn tip cn tng hp
vi tip cn Ramsey kiu III, l=12 l tip cn Forney. Nhng byte d liu c
ghp l cc byte s liu trong gi c bo v li v c gii hn bi byte

22
ng b (o hay khng o). Chu k chn l 204 byte.
B ghp gm 12 nhnh, c kt ni theo kiu vng vi cc byte s liu
bng chuyn mch u vo. Mi nhnh j s l mt thanh ghi dch First in -First out,
vi j x M nh. Trong : M= 17 =N/I, N= 204 byte

Hnh 1.14: S nguyn l ca b ghp v tch ngoi

23
 Hnh 1.15: Cc bc trong qu trnh ngu nhin, m ngoi,

ghp ngoi

(n = 2,3,..8)

Mi ca thanh ghi dch s c 1 byte. u vo v u ra ca b ghp phi c

ng b. to s ng b, byte SYNC v SYNC1 phi c truyn trong
nhnh 0 ca b ghp.
1.4.4.M ho ni (inner coding)
B m ni s dng m chp l. N cho php la chn cc tc m ho khc
nhau: 1/2,2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8. Cc phng php m ho ny c da
trn phng php m chp vi tc m ho l 1/2 c 64 trng thi c gi l
m m. S nguyn l ca thc hin vic m chp vi tc 1/2 c cho
trong hnh 2.16. a thc to m l G1 = 171 oct cho u ra X v G2=133 oct
cho u ra Y. Bng sau a ra chui bit truyn dn c to ra tng ng vi
cc tc m ho khc nhau. Trong X v Y tng ng vi hai u ra ca b
m chp.
Tc m ho cng cao th dng s liu cng ln nhng t s C/N cng
cng ln. Tc m ho 1/2 to ra dng s liu ln nht nhng t s C/N cng
cao nht, tc m ny c dng cho cc knh b nhiu mnh. Tc m ho

24
7/8 to ra dng s liu nh nht nhng t s C/N thp nht nn c dng cho cc
knh t b nhiu.

Hnh 1.16: S thc hin m chp tc 1/2

Dy c truyn sau khi bin

Tc m r S puncturing
i song song - ni tip
X: 1
1/2 X1Y1
Y: 1
X: 1 0
2/3 X1Y1 Y2
Y: 1 1
X: 1 0 1
3/4 X1Y1 Y2 X3
Y: 1 1 0
X: 1 0 1 0 1
5/6 X1Y1 Y2 X3Y4 X5
Y: 1 1 0 1 0
X: 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
7/8 X1Y1 Y2 Y3Y4 X5 X6 X7
Y: 1 1 1 1 0 1 0

Bng 1.1: S puncturing v dy c truyn sau khi

bin i ni tip song song.

Tiu chun OFDM cho php la chn 3 phng thc iu ch

QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM.

25
1.4.5.Ghp xen ni

B ghp xen ni gm 2 khi: ghp kiu bit v ghp kiu k t. a-

B ghp kiu bit.

Lung s liu a vo b ghp ni kiu bit (c th ln ti 2 lung) c tch

thnh v lung con.

v Loi iu ch
2 QPSK
4 16-QAM
6 64-QAM

Trong trng hp khng phn cp, d liu c tch thnh v lung s liu
con

Trong trng hp phn cp d liu a vo gm c 2 lung: lung c mc u tin

cao v lung c mc u tin thp. Lung c mc u tin cao s c tch thnh 2 lung
con, lung c mc u tin thp c tch thnh v-2 lung con.
Qu trnh tch cc lung con ny c xem nh vic chuyn cc bit xdi
thnh cc bit u ra be,do.

Trong kiu khng phn cp:

xdi = b[di(mod)v](div)(v/2)+2[di(mod)(v/2)],di(div)v

Trong kiu phn cp:

x'di = bdi(mod)2,di(div)2;

x''di = b[di(mod)(v-2)](div)((v-2)/2)+2[di(mod)((v-2)/2+2,di(div)(v-2)

Trong :

xdi Bit a vo trong mode khng phn cp

xdi L bit ca lung u tin cao trong mode phn cp.
xdi L bit ca lung u tin thp trong mode phn cp.
di Ch s bit u vo.

26
 be,do Bit ly ra khi b tch.
e Ch s lung bit c tch (0 e v)
o Ch s bit ca lung bit ti u ra b ghp
Sau khi tch cc bit c nh x nh sau:
QPSK: x0 b0,0
x1 b1,0
16 QAM khng phn cp 16 QAM phn cp
x0 b0,0 x0 b0,0
x1 b2,0 x1 b1,0
x2 b1,0 x0 b2,0
x3 b3,0 x1 b3,0

64 QAM khng phn cp 64 QAM phn cp

x0 b0,0 x0 b0,0
x1 b1,0 x1 b1,0
x2 b2,0 x0 b,2,0
x3 b4,0 x1 b4,0
x4 b3,0 x2 b,3,0
x5 b5,0 x3 b5,0

27
Hnh 1.17 S thc hin vic ghp
ni v
mapping theo m hnh khng phn
cp
28
 Hnh 1.18: S thc hin vic
ghp ni
v mapping theo m hnh phn
cp

Vi mi mt b ghp bit, u vo s l:
B(e) = (be,0, be,1,be,2,be,3... be,125) (0 e v) Vector ly ra khi mi b
ghp bit l:
29
 A(e) = (ae,0, ae,1, ae,2, ae,3,... ae,125)

Trong cc ae,w vi w = 0, 1, 2...125 c xc nh nh sau: ae,w = be

He(w) l hm hon v c xc nh nh sau:

B ghp bit Hm hon v H(w) I0 H0(w) = w

I1 H1(w) = (w + 63) mod 126
I2 H2(w) = (w + 105) mod 126
I3 H3(w) = (w + 42) mod 126
I4 H4(w) = (w + 21) mod 126
I5 H5(w) = (w + 84) mod 126
u ra ca b ghp bit c nhm vi nhau to thnh cc k t d
liu. Mi k t d liu s gm c v bit c ly t v b ghp bit. V vy u ra ca
b ghp bit l cc k t y c v bit:
yw = (a0,w, a1,w,... av-1,w)
b- B ghp k t.
Mc ch ca b ghp k t l t nhng k t c v bit ln 1512 (mode 2k)
hoc 6048 (mode 8k) sng mang. B ghp k t uc thc hin trn cc khi c
1512 (mode 2k) hoc 6048 (mode 8k) k t d liu.
V vy trong mode 2k, 12 nhm mi nhm c 126 k t d liu ly t b ghp
bit s c c mt cch tun t vo trong vect
Y =(y0, y1, y2,...,y1511).
Trong mode 8k, 48 nhm mi nhm c 126 k t d liu c c vo
trong vector:
Y =(y0, y1, y2,... y6047)
Vector Y thu uc sau khi ghp l: Y=(y 1, y2, y3,... yNmax-1)
Trong :
yH(q) = yq vi nhng k t c ch s chn q=0,...Nmax-1 yq = yH(q) vi
nhng k t c ch s l q=0,...Nmax-1
Nmax = 1512 trong mode 2k v Nmax = 6048 trong mode 8k. H(q) l hm

30
hon v c tnh nh sau:

Ri l t c (Nr-1) bit, trong Nr = log2Mmax. Mmax = 2048 trong mode 2k.

Mmax = 8192 trong mode 8k.

Ri c xc nh nh sau:

i=0,1 Ri [Nr-2,Nr-3,..,1,0] =0,0...0

i=2 Ri [Nr-2,Nr-3,..,1,0] =0,0...,1

2<i<Mmax Ri [Nr-3,Nr-4,..,1,0] = Ri-1 [Nr-2,Nr-3,..,2,1] Trong

mode 2k: Ri[9] = Ri-1[0] + Ri-1[3]

Trong mode 8k: Ri[11] = Ri-1[1]+Ri-1[4]+ Ri-1[6]

Vector Ri to ra t vector Ri bng cch hon v bit theo bng di y.

Ch s cc bit ca Ri 1 0

Ch s cc bit ca Ri 1 0
Bng 1.2: Hon v cc bit theo mode 2k

Hm hon v H(q) c xc nh theo thut ton sau:

Tng t nh y, y gm c v bit: Yq = (y0,q, y 1,q,...,yv-1,q)

Trong q l ch s k t ti u ra ca b ghp k t.

1.5 .Mt s kh nng u vit ca DVB-T

31
1.5.1 iu ch phn cp

Tiu chun Chu u DVB-T gm rt nhiu kiu loi truyn dn, to iu kin
trin khai tn hiu COFDM trong nhiu dch v pht sng khc nhau. Trong s ,
iu ch phn cp cho php pht sng ng thi 2 dng truyn ti MPEG c lp
vi kh nng chng li khc nhau trn cng mt knh RF.
V vi phng thc iu ch phc tp v kh l lm ny, chng ta c th hnh
dung ra mt s tnh nng dch v mi:
Mt my pht vi 2 vng ph sng ring bit.
Gii quyt c c thu di ng ln thu c nh.
Pht ng thi cc chng trnh s c dng tiu chun (SDTV) ln
dng c phn gii cao (HDTV).
Cng vi ng dng trong hot ng ca mng n tn SFN, iu ch
phn cp nu bt c cc kh nng to ln ca h thng DVB-T. V liu iu
ch phn cp c phi l mt c hi cho nhiu dch v mi? Chng ta s cng nhau
xem xt vn ny.
a- Chm sao iu ch phn cp

Dng iu ch phn cp thc ra l s bin dch ca 16QAM v 64QAM

thng qua 4QAM, nh ta thy trn hnh v:

32
 Hnh 1.19: Chm sao phn cp DVB-T

iu ch phn cp c xem nh l s phn tch knh RF thnh 2 mch o,

mi mch c mt tc bit ring, mt mc li ring v theo s c vng ph
sng khc nhau mt cht. Chnh s kt hp gia dng chm sao v t l m ha s
quyt nh s khc nhau gia 2 knh o ny.
Trn thc t, vic mapping dng d liu u tin s s dng chm sao
4QAM. Mi cp 2 bt ca dng d liu ny s xc nh gc phn t m sng
mang chim gi trong chm sao. Sau , dng d liu th hai s quyt nh v
tr bn trong gc phn t , bao gm c phn thc v phn o ca sng mang.
Nu dng d liu th hai c nh x bi cc cp 2 bt th chm sao
phn cp chnh l "4 QAM thng qua 4 QAM". V hnh dng n s ging nh 16
QAM. Cn nu 4 bt c s dng th chnh l "16 QAM thng
qua 4 QAM", to nn dng chm sao 64 QAM. Dng bt d liu u tin s lun
lun s dng dng iu ch 4 QAM, v c gi l dng bt u tin cao (HP).
Dng th hai, t li hn, c iu ch dng 4 QAM hoc 16 QAM, c gi

33
l dng c mc u tin thp.
Cc loi iu ch phn cp cng c mt h s thay i, l . y l t l
gia khong cch ca hai im gn nht ca hai gc phn t lin k v khong cch
gia hai im gn nhau nht trong cng mt gc phn t ca chm sao. Thc ra
h s cng ln th cng c li cho iu ch HP 4 QAM nhng khi iu ch LP
li kh chng li hn.
b- Cc c tnh iu ch phn cp
Trong tiu chun DVB-T, iu ch phn cp c hai c tnh chnh l:
- Cho php pht sng hai dng truyn ti MPEG c lp trn cng mt
knh RF
- Mi dng truyn ti s c mt kh nng chng li ring, do s c
vng ph sng ring.
Thc ra s khc nhau gia mc li gia HP v LP s ph thuc c
vo dng iu ch (4 QAM hay 16 QAM) v t l m ha dng cho dng LP.
Dng d liu HP, lun c iu ch dng 4 QAM, c tc bitrate hu
ch ch ph thuc vo t l m ha. Trong khi dng LP c cc my thu xem nh
l nguyn nhn tng thm nhiu ca cc gc phn t trong chm sao. Do vy t
c lng C/N c th chp nhn c th dng HP phi chu thm mt lng n
b.
c- Ti sao li dng iu ch phn cp ?
Ti nhiu nc, vic trin khai dch v s thng bng cch chia s di
tn UHF/VHF vi cc dch v analog hin hnh, nhng vn l s dng cc knh
khng mong mun (taboo channel). ti u ha tc bit trong pht hnh
DVB-T, cc nh lp k hoch mng la chn cc cch iu ch mt cao
nh: chm sao 64 QAM v t l m bo v 2/3.
Tu theo cu hnh mng v vng ph sng m ta c nhng s la chn sau:

+ 2K/8K: tu theo mng MFN hay SFN, v kch c ln nht ca cc

khong cch gia cc my pht.
+ Khong bo v: tu theo vng phc v (thnh th s khc nng thn, min ni).

34
 Nhng trn tt c, cc tnh nng ca iu ch phn cp cn cho php
nhng iu chnh hn na trong vic lp mng nh mt s tnh hung ph sng nh
trn hnh sau y:

Hnh 1.20: S ph sng tng trng s dng iu ch phn cp.

iu ch phn cp cn cho ta s cn bng gia tc bit vi mc li, hay

chnh l gia tc bit vi vng phc v.
Trong thi k u ca DVB-T, iu ch phn cp ch c xem nh l cch
to ra hai vng ph sng cho mt my pht xc nh. iu ny thc s l ng,
tuy nhin ch cn thit khi thc thi hai loi hnh dch v v lc iu ch phn
cp s th hin c u th v ph m vn d b cc dch v analog chim
gi kh nhiu.

Tm li iu ch phn cp th hin c kh nhiu tnh linh hot, tu theo

quan im cng nh mi quan tm ca cc nh pht hnh m c nhng la chn
khc nhau. Mt s v d di y c ghi nhn:

Qungbchocmythucnhvmythucthdichuyn

ng dng chnh ca iu ch phn cp l cho cc my thu c th dch

chuyn khi anten thu t trong nh bng vic thay i mt cht cc tham s
iu ch. Trong khi cc my thu c nh c u th v khuch i ca cc
anten thu t trn nc nh th thu dch chuyn li chu bt li do suy hao gy bi
chnh cc building. Trn hnh v ta thy so vi loi iu ch thng thng (REG)
th HP v LP bao ph hai vng ring bit.

35
 Dng d liu th hn HP (cha cc chng trnh "li") s c c my c nh
v di chuyn thu. Tuy nhin khi thu di chuyn th vng ph sng HP s ln hn mt
cht so vi chnh n khi th loi iu ch thng thng.

Thc t th u l s cn bng nu loi iu ch thng thng 64 QAM

2/3 c chuyn i thnh phn cp vi HP l 4 QAM 1/2 v LP l 16 QAM 2/3.

Bitrate REG: 24,13 Mbps HP: 6,03 Mbps

LP: 16,09 Mbps
C/N (Gaussian) REG: 16,5 dB HP: 8,9 dB LP:

16,9 dB

V kha cnh bitrate hu ch th vic chuyn t tc 24,13 Mbps sang

22,12 Mbps ca phn cp s lm gim tc ton cc i 2,01 Mbps. V t l C/N, vi
knh Gaussian, th HP c bo v tt hn, trong khi LP gn nh ging vi loi
truyn dn thng thng.
Tm li vic gim tc tng th cng khng bng vic chng ta t
c dng HP c kh nng chng li cao. Cn vng LP th hu nh khng i
thm ch ngay c trong trng hp cc my thu di chuyn chu s suy gim.

C l trong nhng ngy u tin th nghim tiu chun DVB-T, iu ch

phn cp cha thu ht c s ch ca cc nh pht hnh. Nhng hin nay
tnh hnh thay i khin iu ch phn cp ang trong hon cnh rt hp dn.

36
Nh mt phn quan trng trong u th ca DVB-T, iu ch phn cp cho php tn
dng thm hiu qu v ph khi s dng rt nhiu th loi my thu trong nhiu hon
cnh khc nhau.

iu ny gip cc nh pht hnh trin khai truyn hnh s vi nhiu loi

hnh dch v khc nhau m khng i hi gia tng v ph, y chnh l mt li
th cho h thng DVB-T.Thm ch nu ai cho rng nhng li th ny khng
ng phn tch th hin nhin "Hierarchical Modulation vn khng ch l iu
tuyt diu ca cc k s: n l ca tt c, mt u vit khng th chi ci ca
DVB-T".
1.5.2. Mng n tn SFN

a- Nguyn l hot ng ca SFN

Mng n tn (Single Frequency Network) hot ng da trn cc my

pht ng knh. Cc my pht ny pht cng mt tn hiu ti bt k thi im no
v ti bt k im no trong vng phc v.

C 3 lut l "vng" i vi mng n tn: Mi my pht trong mng n tn s

pht:

- Cng mt tn s,
- Ti cng mt thi im,
- Lng thng tin pht i ging nhau.

Nhng lut l ny to nn nhng yu cu cho SFN c s, v n c nh

hng trc tip trong qu trnh thit k mng pht hnh: l yu cu phi
ng b cc my pht c v mt thi gian ln tn s.

37
b- Yu cu trong min tn s ca SFN

Thc ra th mi my pht trong mng SFN cng s c qun l v iu

khin chnh xc v mt tn s lm vic nh trong cc mng tn s thng
thng. Nhng vi hot ng ca mng SFN COFDM th s n nh cng nh
tnh chnh xc ca tn s lm vic phi m bo sao cho mi sng mang ph c
mt v tr tuyt i trong "khng gian" m tn s knh RF tng s dng.
Thc t, tn s chun ton cc ly t cc my thu GPS c s dng ng b
mng SFN, nh thy trn hnh 1.21.

Hnh 1.21: ng b min tn s

c- Yu cu trong min thi gian i vi SFN

Gi tr khong bo v c chn s l im chnh trong cu hnh mng SFN: v

khong bo v s phn nh tr phn x ln nht m h thng c th chp nhn c, v n
cng phn nh khong cch ln nht gia 2 my pht trong mng.

C l yu cu v mt thi gian chnh l mt thch thc i vi cc nh pht

hnh: v n i hi mi my pht phi pht cng mt symbol ti cng mt thi
im, nn tt yu dn n ng b v thi gian. Vic ng b ny s m bo sao
cho cc echo (t nhin hay nhn to) u nm trong phm vi ca khong bo
v. Nh ta thy minh ha trn hnh 1.22.

38
 Hnh 1.22: ng b v mt thi gian.

Ca s thi gian s cho php loi b khong bo v trong lc ly mu tn

hiu ti my thu. V th khong bo v phi c b tr nh l mt "qu thi
gian": n s c dng trong khng gian nhng khng s dng b li ng b thi
gian ca cc my pht.

Thc t cc nh iu hnh mng s dng ng h tham chiu ly t GPS vi

xung chun 1PPS. Xung chun ny cho php chn thm nhn thi gian ti lc ghp
knh, gip cho ti mi my pht b x l COFDM c th gy tr ghp knh u vo
cho n khi c s n nh thi gian chung.

d- SFN: ng dng thc t.

C ch ca COFDM trong mng SFN c thc hin trong rt nhiu quc

gia c h thng DAB ln DVB-T. Ngy nay cc mng c tnh thng mi s dng
kh nng ny ti u ha vng ph sng cng nh thc hin mng pht hnh
nh l cc cell RF Anh, Thy in, Ty Ban Nha v Php.

SFN da trn COFDM hon ton khng ch l tnh nng th v ch trong

phng th nghim m n hon ton c th ng dng trong thc t.
- SFN to ra hiu qu v ph ln

- Trong khi MFN c th hot ng xen vi cc dch v analog th SFN

39
i hi mt knh RF trng hon ton cho vng phc v.
- Hot ng tt nht vi mng gm nhiu my pht cng sut thp. Ngha l
SFN tn dng tt hiu qu v cng sut.

1.6. Kt lun chng I

T nhng phn tch trn ta c th thy c nhng u, nhc im khi s

dng k thut iu ch DVB-T:
- u im:
p ng c nhu cu truyn thng tc cao ( nht l vi cng
ngh truyn hnh khi ghp nhiu knh chng trnh) vi kh nng khng nhiu tt
trn knh phainh chn lc tn s.
Tnh phn tp tn s cao do thng tin c tri ra trn nhiu
sng mang con khc nhau, to nn kh nng chng c cc nh hng ca knh
pha inh chn lc tn s.
Hiu qu s dng ph cao do OFDM s dng nhiu sng mang
con sng mang ny trc giao ngha l cc sng mang con c mt phn
chng ln nhau trong min tn s m vn m bo chng ISI ti u thu.
Rt n gin v hiu qu trong trin khai h thng.
- Nhc im:
T s cng sut cc i trn cng sut trung bnh cao do tn hiu
OFDM l tng ca nhiu thnh phn tn hiu nn bin ca n c nh cao dn n
t s PAPR l cao.
Qu trnh ng b gp nhiu kh khn hn so vi h thng thng
thng v h thng kh nhy vi nhiu tp m, li dch tn s sng mang, li nh
thi tn s ly mu...

40
 CHNG II. TNG QUAN TRUYN HNH S MT T DVB-T2

2.1. Nhng u im c bn ca tiu chun DVB-T2:

H thng DVB-T2 c xy dng vi mc ch:

DVB-T2 t c hiu qu cao v kh nng xy dng mng mng n tn din

rng (SFN- Single Frequency Network)

DVB-T2 tng quan gia cc chun trong h cc chun DVB. DVB-T2 pht
huy c nhng gii php tn ti trong cc tiu chun DVB khc. V d: DVB-T2
c 2 gii php k thut c tnh then cht ca DVB-S2, l:

- Cu trc phn cp, ng gi d liu trong khung BB (Base Band Frame);

- S dng m sa sai LDPC (Low Density Parity Check).

Mc tiu ch yu ca DVB-T2 l dnh cho cc phng thc thu c nh v

thu di ng, hn na cng cho php s dng c cc anten thu ang s dng ti gia
nh v s dng li cc h thng cc anten pht hin c.

Trong cng mt iu kin truyn sng, DVB-T2 t c dung lng

truyn trong knh cao hn th h u (DVB-T) t nht 30%.

DVB-T2 c c ch nng cao tin cy i vi tng loi hnh dch v c th,

c kh nng cho php t c tin cy cao hn i vi mt vi dch v so vi cc
dch v khc.

Cho php linh hot i vi bng thng v tn s.

DVB-T2 c th gim t l cng sut nh/cng sut trung bnh ca my

pht, iu ny gip gim in nng tiu th ca ton h thng.

Anh l nc u tin trn th gii pht sng s mt t theo chun DVB-T2. Sau
mt thi gian th nghim DVB-T2 ti Anh, ngi ta thy rng:

41
 Dung lng truyn d liu trong cng 1 knh ca DVB-T2 cao hn khong 50%
so vi DVB-T. Ngoi ra c bit, DVB-T2 cn c kh nng chng li hin tng
phn x nhiu ng (Multipaths) v c kh nng can nhiu t bin tt hn nhiu so
vi DVB-T.

DVB-T DVB-T2

Phng thc iu ch 64 - QAM 256 - QAM

FFT 2K 32K

Khong bo v 1/32 1/128

FEC 2/3CC + RS 3/5 LDPC + BCH

Pilot tn x 8.3% 1.0%

Pilot lin tc 2.0% 0.53%

L1 1.0% 0.53%

Phng thc sng mang Tiu chun M rng

Dung lng 24.1Mbps 36.1 Mbps

Bng 2.1: V d so snh DVB-T2 vi DVB-T ti Anh

- Nhn xt: DVB-T2 t c dung lng cao hn so vi DVB-T trong

mng n tn (SFN) vi cng gi tr tuyt i ca khong bo v (67%). DVB-T2
cn cho php s dng khong bo v ln hn 20% so vi DVB-T, iu ny cng
ng ngha vi vic m rng vng ph sng ca cc my pht trong mng SFN.

2.2. M hnh cu trc ca h thng DVB-T2:

H thng DVB-T2 c chia thnh 3 khi chnh pha pht (SS1, SS2, v SS3)
v hai khi chnh pha thu (SS4 v SS5) c m t trn hnh 2.1:

42
 Hnh 2.1: M hnh cu trc DVB-T2

* Trong :

- SS1: M ho v ghp knh: c chc nng m ho tn hiu

video/audio cng
cc tn hiu ph tr km theo nh PSI/SI hoc tn hiu bo
hiu lp 2 (L2
Signalling) vi cng c iu khin chung nhm m bo tc bit
khng i i
vi tt c cc dng bit. Khi ny c chc nng hon ton ging nhau
i vi tt c
cc tiu chun ca DVB. u ra ca khi l dng truyn ti MPEG-2TS
(MPEG - 2
Transport Stream).

- SS2: Basic DVB- T2 - Gateway : u ra ca DVB- T2-Gateway

l dng
DVB- T2 - MI. Mi gi DVB- T2-MI bao gm Baseband Frame, IQ
Vector hoc
thng tin bo hiu (LI hoc SFN). Dng DVB- T2-MI cha mi thng tin
lin quan
n DVB- T2-FRAME. Mi dng DVB- T2-MI c th c cung cp cho
mt hoc mt vi b iu ch trong h thng T-2.

- SS3:B iu ch T-2 (T-2 Modulator): B iu ch T-2 s dng

Baseband
Frame v DVB- T2- Frame c trong dng DVB- T2-MI, cn c vo
to ra
Khung T-2.

- SS4: Gii iu ch T-2 (T-2 Demodulator): B gii iu ch SS4

nhn tn hiu cao tn (RF Signal) t mt hoc nhiu my pht (SFN
Network) v cho mt dng truyn ti (MPEG-TS) duy nht ti u ra.

43
 - SS5: Gii m dng truyn ti (Stream Decoder): B gii m thu
nhn tn hiu v gii m thnh tn hiu video/audio a ra tivi.

2.3. Mt s tnh nng m rng ca DVB-T2

2.3.1. Cc thng s m rng ca DVB-T2:

Cc thng s ca T-2 cng c m rng so vi DVB-T, trong bao gm:

- FFT:
1K, 2K, 4K, 8K, 16K, 32K
- Khong bo v - GI:
1/128, 1/32, 1/16, 19/256, 1/8, 19/128, 1/4
- Pilot phn tn:
8 bin th khc nhau ph hp vi cc khong bo v
khc nhau
- Pilot lin tc:
Tng t nh DVB-T, tuy nhin ti u hn
Bao gm tro bit, tro t bo, tro thi gian v tro tn s

Vic m rng cc thng s kt hp vi m sa sai mnh hn, cho php DVB -

T2 t c dung lng cao hn DVB-T gn 50% khi pht sng ch a tn
(MFN) v thm ch cn ln hn i vi mng n tn (SFN).

* c bit, DVB-T2 cn c mt s c tnh mi gp phn ci thin cht lng h

thng:

- Cu trc khung (Frame Structure) T-2: Cha cc symbol nhn din c

bit c s dng qut knh (channel scanning) v nhn bit tn hiu nhanh hn.

- Chm sao xoay: Nhm to nn tnh a dng trong iu ch tn hiu, h tr

vic thu tn hiu c t l m sa sai ln.

- Cc gii php k thut c bit: Nhm gim t s gia mc nh v

mc trung bnh ca tn hiu pht.
- Thm tu chn i vi kh nng m rng khung d liu: Trong
tng lai (future extension frame). V d nh : DVB-T2 Litte

2.3.2. Gii php k thut c bn trong DVB-T2 :

2.3.2.1. Cc ng lp vt l ( Physical Layer Pipes - PLPs)

44
 DVB-T2 vi nhiu yu t gp phn lm tng tin cy ca h thng v dung
lng truyn trn knh (30%), mt trong nhng u im ni tri so vi DVB-T l:
cc ng lp vt l (Physical Layer Pipes - PLP), cc mode sng mang m rng, MISO
da trn Alamoutic, phng thc iu ch 256-QAM v c bit l s dng m sa sai
LDPC v BCH...cho php ci thin cht lng truyn dn

DVB-T2 c nghin cu v pht trin mang tnh k tha phn ln cc u

im ca tiu chun DVB-T v DVB-S2. DVB-T2 c cu trc h thng hon ton
ging nh trong DVB-S2 l: s dng phng thc c bit ng gi cc d
liu vo Khung c s (Base Band Frame - BB Frame), to cc PLP........ V thit b
thc hin vic trong DVB-T2 chnh l : T2 - Gateway.

T2- Gateway l thit b quan trng, bc t ph mi trong h thng DVB-T2 v

thit b ny cung cp: cc tn hiu, cc phng thc iu khin cho cc b iu ch
DVB-T2 qua cc giao din u ra l: T2-MI.

T2-Gateway cung cp, qun l cc PLP (Physical Layer Pise) cung cp

nhiu phng thc dch v c cp cht lng dch v khc nhau (Di ng,
Internet...)

Vai tr ca T2-Gateway trong h thng DVB-

T2
M hnh chung h thng DVB-
T2

Hnh 2.2: M hnh h thng ca DVB-T2

45
Trong :
M ho v ghp knh. c chc nng m ho tn hiu video/audio cng
cc tn hiu ph tr km theo nh: PSI/SI hoc tn hiu bo hiu lp 2 (L2
Signalling) vi cng c iu khin chung nhm m bo tc bit khng i i
vi tt c cc dng bit. Cc khi ny c chc nng hon ton ging nhau p ng
cc tiu chun ca DVB. u ra ca khi l dng truyn ti MPEG2- TS (MPEG -
Transport Stream).

T2 - Gateway: cung cp u ra l dng T2 - MI. Mi gi T2-MI bao gm:

Baseband Frame, IQ Vector hoc thng tin bo hiu (LI hoc SFN). Dng T2-MI cha mi
thng tin lin quan n T2-FRAME. Mi dng T2-MI c th c cung cp cho mt
hoc nhiu b iu ch trong h thng DVB-T2.

B iu ch DVB-T2 (DVB-T2 Modulator) B iu ch DVB-T2 s

dng
Baseband Frame v T2- Frame mang trong dng T2-MI u vo to ra DVB-T2
Frame..

T2-Gateway l thit b quan trng trong DVB-T2 v n cung cp bng tn iu

khin v tn hiu n tt c cc b iu ch DVB-T2 trong ton b cc giao din u
ra T2-MI. T2-Gateway qun l cc PLP (Physical Layer Pipes) cung cp nhiu
phng thc dch v khc nhau.

Hnh 2.3: Vai tr T2-Gateway

46
 DVB-T2 Gateway thc hin cc chc nng:

To cc gi Dng truyn ti DVB/MPEG-2 trong Dng truyn ti

DVB-T2, c chn cc d liu ng b thc hin pht sng trong mng n tn
-SFN (ch MISO);

Qun l vi cc ch mt PLP hay nhiu PLP, v u ra s l dng

T2 vi cc ch iu ch DVB-T2 vi cc thng tin c ng b - c gi
l: T2-MI. (T2- Modulator Interface) (T2-MI c truyn qua giao din ASI v IP);

ng gi cc Dng MPEG-2 TS vo cc BB-Frame;

Tng thch tt c cc ch iu ch to ra duy nht cng mt

lung d liu xc nh.

Khi pht sng cc dch v trong mng n tn DVB-T2, T2-Gateway coi nh

mt adapter SFN. T2-Gateway cung cp bng tn v ng b ngoi bng, ng b tt c
cc d liu to ra lung d liu ng nht gip cc b iu ch cng hot ng ti
cng mt thi gian vi cng mt tn s.

Cc ng lp vt l ( PLPs - Physical Layer Pipes)

Cc khi nim v PLP cng tng t nh trong tiu chun DVB-S2, cho
php m rng trin khai cc dch v. (Mt PLP c th thc hin truyn dch v HD,
trong khi mt PLP khc c th mang cc dch v SD). Tt c cc PLP u c
pht sng trn cng mt tn s, iu ny cng c th coi nh l mt cch ghp knh
trong DVB-T2.

- T2-Gateway c th thc hin ch : mt PLP (Single PLP) v nhiu PLP

(Multi PLP).

- T2-Gateway khi pht sng ch nhiu PLP cung cp cc d liu hon ton
chnh xc cho cc b iu ch.

- T2-Gateway c th cho php pht ti ch ti a 50 PLP.

47
 - Ni dung ca mi PLP c truyn trc tip t u vo qua giao din ASI
hoc IP. Nh vn hnh mng c th la chn u vo l Dng TS hoc nhiu PLP. Mi
Dng TS tng ng vi mt PLP. Cc Dng TS ging nhau c th c truyn trn
nhiu PLP khc nhau. Mi PLP c th mang ni dung ca mt hoc nhiu dng TS.

Hnh 2.4: Cc ng lp vt l

Di y s gii thiu cu hnh mt knh DVB-T2 c bng thng 8MHz c

ghp bi 3 ng lp vt l vi cc dch v khc nhau: 3D, HD thu bng anten ngoi tri
v SD thu bng anten trong nh v di dng. ( i vi vic thu cc chng trnh HD, SD
theo DVB-T2 bng s dng cc set-top box, cc chng trnh thu di ng s dng cc
USB thu DVB-T2).

Bng
Ch. C/N Khon Pilot Kch
Tc T l
iu g bo thc
ch m
thng (dB) v FFT
(Mbit/s) s
3D+HD 1+1 dng 1/16 PP4 32K
23,4 256QAM
SD 2 18+10 68% 3/5 1/16 PP4 32K
10,6 16QAM
Di ng 1 2+2 24% 1/16 PP4 32K
3,3 QPSK
Tng cng 5 0,5 7%

32,5 99%

Bng 2.2: V d v cu hnh DVB-T2 c ghp bi 3 ng lp vt l

48
 Vi cc dch v khc nhau, mi PLP c th s dng cc b thng s: phng
thc iu ch, t l m, tro thi gian...khc nhau.

Yu cu ca Dng MPEG-2 TS m bo tc bt khng i (CBR - constant

bit rate), nhng c th cc ni dung (payload) vi tc bit c th thay i c
(VBR) bng vic thm cc gi rng- null packets. Do vy dung lng cc gi
rng c th khc nhau. Trong dng TS khi truyn i s khng c cc gi rng.
Chng s c tch ra trc khi truyn v khi my thu nhn c s t ng c
chn null packets vo Dng TS; iu ny cng s gip tit kim bng thng
truyn dn.

- Trong DVB-T2, ngi ta quy nh ch A l S-PLP v ch B l M-PLP.

A. u vo Ch A:

y l mode n gin nht c th c xem nh 1 phn m rng ca DVB-T.

y tn hiu DVB-T2 s dng duy nht 1 PLP n c truyn trn 1 tn s cha
1 Dng MPEG2-TS.

B. u vo ch B:

Ch cung cp a dch v ny l vic p dng tnh nng cc ng Lp vt l

(hnh 4). Trong mode B, vi mi dch v s c truyn trn 1 PLP, ngoi ra 1
nhm dch v (cc dch v c tc bit thp) cng c th chia s trong cng 1 PLP.

u im ca M-PLP:
- Kh nng chng hin tng phn x nhiu ng cao (nh s kt hp ca cc
ch iu ch v tc m ha)

- Tng kh nng tro thi gian.

- Cho php tit kim in nng my thu nh chia lt thi gian nh DVB-H

- Cho php s linh hot tn s - chia lt theo thi gian - tn s (TFS).

V vy trong trng hp khi s ng nht thng s vt l c thit lp, mode B

rt hiu qu cho phng thc thu di ng.

49
 Hnh 2.5: Khung T2 vi ch M-PLP

Thng thng, cc nhm dch v c cung cp thng tin trong bng PSI/SI,
(ging nh thng tin EPG, hoc thng tin CA). Mode B cung cp cc khi nim PLP
chung ph bin hay s dng, c t bi 1 nhm PLPs. Do , khi my thu thu c
t 2 PLP tr ln trong cng 1 thi im, my thu s nhn bit cc tn hiu dch v: d
liu PLP v PLP chung.

Hnh 2.6: DVB-T2 vi ch M-PLP cho nhiu dch v khc nhau

Hnh 2.6 v d v s dng M-PLP vi kh nng cung cp 4 lp dch v:

HDTV, SDTV, Audio v Data) c ghp trong 1 knh RF. Mi dch v c 1 tc
d liu ring, khc nhau v bn knh vng ph khc nhau c ch ra trong hnh
6 bn phi.

Li th b sung vi nhiu ng lp vt l :

- Vi cc phng thc thu khc nhau v thit b thu khc nhau c th thu
c tn hiu ging nhau, (v d vi thu HDTV bng phng thc c nh, ng ten
t trn cao v thu di ng...), vi 1 dung lng nht nh v chng can nhiu
nh nhau.

50
 - C th t ch u tin cao cho 1 hoc nhiu dch v trn knh truyn
(cng trng ca tn hiu, chng can nhiu) - theo mc u tin.
- Khi 1 dch v khng yu cu cn c vng ph sng rng nh cc dch v
khc, th dch v c th c truyn vi cng trng ca tn hiu thp tit
kim dung lng knh truyn.
- Vic thay i ni dung khi ghp knh cc chng trnh a phng / trung
ng (vi CBR) trong knh truyn c thc hin d dng. ti phn cn li ca ni
dung l ghp knh thng k trung tm. u tin dnh 1 PLP cho ghp cc ni dung a
phng / trung ng. Vic ny gip vic trin khai ghp cc knh ti cc khu vc c
nhanh v hiu qu v kinh t. .
- Vi kh nng dng TFS (Time frequency Slicing), vic tng dung lng knh
truyn v m rng vng ph sng c thc hin d dng.

Mt hn ch vi vic s dng M-PLP l khi ghp cc PLP vo trong 1 nhm

PLPs bt buc kch thc FFT ca cc PLP phi ging nhau.

* C th v d:
Khi trin khai s dng 1 mng n tn - SFN vi tnh ton s dng thu c nh cc
chng trnh HD v thu di ng.

tit kim dung lng knh, c th cn dng vi kch thc FFT l 32k cho
dch v HD. Vi thi gian ly mu ln, nn dng khong bo v nh hn, dn n
ti a dung lng. Tuy nhin nu s dng ch FFT=32k ngha l khong cch
tn s gia cc sng mang OFDM s ngn, iu ny khin mt s dng dch v
thu di ng s b nh hng bi hiu ng dopler khi thu di ng tc cao.

2.3.2.2. Bng tn ph (1.7Mhz v 10Mhz):

p ng cc dch v chuyn dng, v d truyn tn hiu t camera v mt
studio lu ng, DVB-T2 cn bao gm tu chn bng tn 10Mhz. Cc my thu dn
dng khng h tr bng tn ny. DVB-T2 cn s dng c bng tn 1.712 Mhz cho cc
dch v thu di ng (trong bng III v bng L)

51
 2.3.2.3. Cc mode sng mang m rng (8K, 16K, 32K)
Do phn nh xung vung trong th ph cng sut suy gim nhanh hn i
vi kch thc FFT ln. im ngoi cng ca ph tn hiu OFDM c th tri rng
hn, iu ny cng ng ngha vi vic nhiu sng mang ph trn mt symbol c
s dng truyn ti d liu. li (gain) t c gia 1.4% (8Kmode) v
2.1% (32Kmode). Hnh 2.7 so snh ph ca 2K so vi 32K iu kin bnh thng v
32K trong mode sng mang m rng. Sng mang m rng l mt c tnh tu chn,
bi l vi c tnh ny kh c c th t c mt n ph (spectrum mask) cng nh
t s bo v.

Hnh 2.7: Mt ph cng sut i vi mode 2K v 32K

2.3.2.4. MISO da trn c s Alamouti (trn trc tn s)

Do DVB-T2 h tr mng n tn (SFN), s hin din ca tn hiu c cng
mnh tng t nhau t 2 my pht c th to nn im lm (deep notches).

DVB-T2 c tu chn s dng k thut Alamouti: vi mt cp my pht [hnh

2.8]. Alamouti l mt v d ca MISO (Multiple Input, Single Output), trong mi
im ca th chm sao c truyn bi mt my, cn my pht th 2 truyn
phin bn c chnh sa mt cht ca tng cp ca chm sao vi th t ngc li
trn trc tn s.K thut Alamouti cho kt qu tng ng vi phng thc thu
phn tp trn phng din t c s kt hp ti u gia hai tn hiu, t s tn/tp
cui cng,do cng sut thu c l cng sut tng hp ca hai tn hiu trong
khng gian.

52
 Hnh 2.8: M hnh MISO

2.3.2.5. Symbol khi u (P1 v P2)

Nhng symbol u tin ca khung DVB-T2 lp vt l l cc symbol khi u
(preamble symbols). Cc symbol ny truyn mt s lng hn ch cc thng tin bo hiu
bng phng thc truyn c tin cy. Khung u tin c bt u bng symbol P1,
iu ch BPSK vi tin cy cao. Vi khong bo v c hai u, symbol P1 mang
7 bit thng tin (bao gm kch thc FFT ca symbol d liu). Cc symbol P2, s lng
c c nh cho mi kch thc FFT, cung cp thng tin bo hiu lp 1 k c tnh, ng
v kh nng cu trc.
Cc bit u tin ca thng tin bo hiu (L1 - Pre-signalling) c phng thc
iu ch v m ho c nh, cc bit cn li (L1 - Post-signalling) t l m c
xc nh l 1/2 nhng phng thc iu ch c th c la chn gia QPSK, 16-
QAM v 64-QAM. Symbol P2, ni chung cn cha d liu PLP chung v/hoc
PLP d liu
2.3.2.6. Mu tn hiu Pilot (Pilot Pattern)
Pilot phn tn (Scattered Pilots) c xc nh t trc c v bin v pha,
v c cy vo tn hiu vi khong cch u nhau trn c hai trc thi gian v
tn s. Pilot phn tn c s dng nh gi s thay i trn ng truyn.
Trong khi DVB-T p dng mu hnh tnh (static pattern) c lp vi kch
thc FFT v khong bo v, DVB-T2 tip cn mt cch linh hot hn, bng cch
nh ngha 8 mu hnh khc nhau c th la chn, tu thuc vo kch thc FFT v
khong bo v i vi mi ng truyn ring bit.

53
 Hnh 2.9: Mu hnh Pilot phn tn i vi DVB-T(tri) v DVB-T2(phi)

2.3.2.7. Phng thc iu ch 256-QAM

Trong h thng DVB-T, phng thc iu ch cao nht l 64-QAM cho php
truyn ti 6bit/symbol/sng mang. Vi chun DVB-T2, phng thc iu ch
256QAM (hnh... ) cho php tng ln 8bit/t bo OFDM, tng 33% hiu sut s dng
ph v dung lng d liu i vi mt t l m cho trc. Thng thng, tng dung
lng d liu thng i hi mt t s cng sut sng mang trn tp nhiu cao hn (4
hoc 5dB, tu thuc vo knh truyn v t l m sa sai), bi l khong cch Euclide
gia hai im cnh nhau trn th chm sao ch bng khong so vi 64-QAM v
do vy u thu s nhy cm hn i vi tp nhiu. Tuy nhin, m LDPC tt hn nhiu
so vi m cun (Convolution code) v nu chn t l m mnh hn mt cht cho
256QAM so vi t l m s dng trong 64-QAM ca DVB-T, t s cng sut song
mang trn tp nhiu C/N s khng thay i trong khi vn t c mt tng trng
tc bit ng k. 256-QAM do vy s l 1 s la chn y ha hn trn thc t.

Hnh 2.10: th chm sao 256-QAM

54
 2.3.2.8. Chm sao xoay (Rotated Constellation)
Mt trong s cc k thut mi c s dng trong DVB-T2 l chm sao xoay
(Rotated Constellation) v tr Q (Q-delay). Sau khi nh v, chm sao c
xoay mt gc trn mt phng I-Q nh m t trn hnh 2.11.

Hnh 2.11: Chm sao 16-QAM xoay

Cc thnh phn I v Q c tch bi qu trnh tro sao cho chng c truyn trn
min tn s v thi gian khc nhau. Nu c mt thnh phn b hu hoi trn knh
truyn, thnh phn cn li c th c s dng ti to li thng tin mt. K thut
ny trnh c mt mt trn knh Gauss v to c li 0.7dB trn knh c
phaing. li ny cn ln hn trn knh 0dB phn x (SFN) v knh xo (nhiu t
bin, phaing c chn lc) (Hnh 2.12). iu ny cng ng ngha vi vic c th
s dng t l m, tc bit cao hn.

Hnh 2.12: Hiu qu ca chm sao xoay so vi khng xoay

55
 2.3.2.9. K thut gim thiu t s cng sut nh/cng sut
trung bnh (Peak-to -Average Power Ratio - PAPR)
PAPR trong h thng OFDM cao c th lm gim hiu xut b khuch i cng
sut RF. C hai k thut lm gim PAPR c s dng trong h thng DVBT2: m
rng chm sao tch cc (Active Constellation Extension - ACE).
K thut ACE lm gim PAPR bng cch m rng cc im ngoi ca th
chm sao trn min tn s, cn TR lm gim PAPR bng cch trc tip loi b cc gi
tr nh ca tn hiu trn min thi gian.
Hai k thut b sung cho nhau, ACE hiu qu hn TR mc iu ch thp cn
TR hiu qu hn ACE mc iu ch cao. Hai k thut khng loi tr nhau v c
kh nng s dng ng thi. Tuy nhin k thut ACE khng c s dng vi chun
xoay.
2.3.2.10. Tro bit, nh x bit ln th chm sao

Mc ch ca tro l tri ni dung thng tin trn min thi gian v/hoc tn s sao
cho k c nhiu t bin ln phaing u khng c kh nng xo i mt chui bit di ca
dng d liu gc. Tro cn c thit k sao cho cc bit thng tin c truyn ti bi
mt im xc nh trn th chm sao khng tng ng vi chui bit lin tc trong
dng d liu gc.

2.3.2.11. Tro t bo, tro thi gian

Nhm nng cao tin cy trong qu trnh truyn sng, khng ch s dng tro bt,
tro symbol nh th h u, h thng truyn hnh s mt t th h th 2 (DVBT2) cn
s dng k thut tro t bo(cell interleaving- CI) v tro thi gian (time interleaving-
TI).
Tro t bo (cell interleaving- CI)
Tro t bo trn thc t l qu trnh tri u cc t bo m bo c s phn phi
khng tng quan mo knh v can nhiu trong mt t m FEC.
Tn hiu u vo b tro G(r)= (gr,0, gr,1, gr,2,..., gr,Ncells-1) l cc t bo d liu
(gr,0, gr,1, gr,2,..., gr, Ncells-1) ca cc khi (block) FEC.
Trong :

56
 Ch s r l ch s ca block FEC trong block TI. Ch s r c to bi php
xoay th chm sao v tr thnh phn Q theo chu k, r biu th s gia tng ch
s ca block FEC trong block TI v c reset v 0 ti thi im bt u ca mi
block TI.

Hnh 2.13: Tro t bo

Tro thi gian

Tro thi gian TI hot ng mc PLP. Thng s tro thi gian thay i vi cc
PLP khc nhau trong h thng T2.
Block FEC t b tro t bo i vi mi PLP c nhm li thnh cc khung tro
(interleaving Frame). Mi khung tro bao gm mt s lng khc nhau block FEC.
S lng block FEC trong khung tro c ch s n c k hiu bng
NBLOCKS _IF(n). NBLOCKS _IF(n) c gi tr t 0 n NBLOCKS _IF_ MAX, gi
tr cc i c th ln ti 1023
Mi khung tro c nh x trc tip ln mt khung T2. Mi khung tro c
chia cho mt hoc vi block TI. Block TI trong mt khung tro c th bao gm cc

57
s lng khc nhau block FEC. Nu mt khung tro c chia cho nhiu block TI,
khung tro ny ch c php nh x ln mt khung T2.
Nh vy c 3 ty chn:
1. Mi khung tro cha mt block TI v c nh x trc tip ln mt khung T2.
Ty chn ny c ch dn trong tn hiu bo hiu lp 1 (L1_ Signalling) bng
TIME_IL_TYPE= 0v TIME_IL_LENGTH= 1
2. Mi khung tro cha mt block TI v c nh x ln mt vi khung T2. Ty
chn ny c ch dn trong tn hiu bo hiu lp 1 (L1_ Signalling) bng
TIME_IL_LENGTH= 1
3. Mi khung tro cha mt block TI v c nh x trc tip ln mt khung T2
v mi khung tro c chia cho vi block TI. Ty chn ny c ch dn trong tn hiu
bo hiu lp 1 (L1_ Signalling) bng TIME_IL_TYPE= 0.
Cc thng s ca tro thi gian TI thay i t 0 n 1023. Khung d liu c
th nh x trc tip sang khung T2 (T2 Frame) tng ng hoc mt vi T2 Frame.
Nguyn l tro thi gian c biu th trn hnh 35. Khi FEC u tin c ghi
theo ct vo 5 ct u tin ca b tro thi gian. Khi FEC th 2 c ghi theo ct vo
5 ct tip theo ca b tro thi gian v c tip tc nh vy. Cc t bo c c theo
hng.

58
 T bo u tin ca
Ghi khi FEC c
ca khi
TI
Hng 1

Ct 1

Ct 1
Ct Nc

Hnh 2.14: Tro thi gian

Nu tro thi gian khng c s dng, tn hiu u ra b tro hon ton ging nh tn
hiu u vo. Tro thi gian c s dng nh b m (buffer) cho d liu PLP, do vy u
ra c th b tr so vi u vo k c khi khng dng b tro.

2.4. Kt lun chng II

Tiu chun truyn hnh s mt t th h th 2 (DVB-T2) c cng b
thng 2-2009 (sau DVB-S2 v DVB-C2 cho truyn hnh s trn v tinh v
truyn hnh cp). DVB-T2 s dng nhiu gii php k thut mi nh: ng vt l,
bng tn ph, cc mode sng mang m rng, MISO da trn Alamouti, symbol
khi u (P1,P2), mu hnh tn hiu Pilot, chm sao xoay, mc ch l lm tng
tin cy ca knh truyn v tng dung lng bit. Trn thc t, DVB-T2 c kh
nng truyn ti dung lng bit ln hn DVB-T gn 50% i vi mng a tn
(MFN) v thm ch cao hn i vi mng n tn (SFN). DVB-T2 l h thng
truyn hnh s mt t l tng cho truyn hnh c phn gii cao HDTV (High
Defination Televition).
S sn sng ca chun DVB-T2 mang n cc c hi mi cho mi trng
truyn hnh mt t. Cc nh qung b v nh cung cp dch v khc c th

59
quan tm h tr cc dch v mi trn DTT m trc kh trin khai do hn ch v
dung lng bng thng trong cc bng tn VHF v UHF.
Vic pht trin chun truyn hnh s mt t th h th hai p ng
c yu cu thc t. l s gia tng dung lng bng thng gip cung cp cho
ngi xem cc dch v truyn hnh mi. Trong nhiu quc gia, chun DVBT2 h tr
c hi cho cc nh qung b trin khai mt chui cc dch v HDTV trn mi
trng DTT. Chun DVB-T2 cng c kh nng h tr cc dch v c th trong
tng lai. Cc dch v th h k tip nh 3D TV c th hng li t vic gia tng
dung lng sn c ca DVB-T2.
Tuy nhin, m bo hiu qu kinh t, cc c tnh k thut chung cho
my thu DVB-T2 cn c cc nh iu hnh quc gia cng b sm. iu ny s
hn ch s phn ha th trng v m bo cho ngi xem c th c nhiu chn
la my thu vi gi thp nht c th. y cng l l do m cc nh sn xut bt
u hp tc nh ngha cc yu cu cho my thu DVB-T2 .
Theo sau s kt thc chuyn i tng t, ngi ta hy vng rng cc
quc gia s bt u trin khai cc dch v dng chun DVB-T2. Trong mt s
quc gia, chun mi ny s dng h tr cc dch v HDTV (c min ph v tr
tin) v cng dng ci tin hay thay th cc dch v truyn hnh c phn
gii chun hin nay. Tuy nhin, vic thay th chun DVB-T bi DVB-T2 cng cn
c mt khong thi gian qu trong qu trnh chuyn i. Ngi ta cng cho
rng chun DVB-T v DVB-T2 s cng tn ti trong nhiu nm, mi chun h tr
ngi xem cc loi dch v khc nhau.
Nhn chung, DVB-T2 s em n nhiu c hi trin khai cc dch v mi.
Vi vic gia tng dung lng ln mc gii hn vt l c th, chun DVB-T2 s rt
thch hp vi nhiu dch v trong tng lai.

60
 CHNG III: PHN TCH MT S YU T C BN TO NN
TNH U VIT CA DVB-T2 SO VI DVB-T

3.1. Kch thc FFT

3.1.1 Cc thng s m rng FFT

Vi DVB-T2 cho php m rng kch thc FFT ln thnh : 1K, 2K, 4K, 8K,
16K v 32K.
Tng kch thc FFT ng ngha vi vic lm hp khong cch gia cc sng
mang v lm tng chu k symbol. Vic ny, mt mt lm tng can nhiu gia cc
symbol v lm gim gii hn tn s cho php i vi hiu ng Doppler. Mt khc,
chu k symbol di hn, cng c ngha l t l khong bo v nh hn i vi cng
gi tr tuyt i ca khong bo v trn trc thi gian. T l khong bo v bng
1/128 trong DVB-T2, cho php 32K s dng khong bo v c cng gi tr tuyt
i nh 8K 1/32 .

Thng s
1K 2K 4K 8K 16K 32K
S lng ch thng thng
sng mang 853 1,705 3,409 6,817 13,633 27,265
Ktoatal ch m rng
NA NA NA NA NA NA
Gi tr ca ch thng thng
cc sng 0 0 0 0 0 0
mang kmin ch m rng
NA NA NA 0 0 0
Gi tr ca ch thng thng
cc sng 852 1,704 3,408 6,816 13,632 27,264
mang kma ch m rng
NA NA NA 6,912 13,920 27,840
S sng mang c mang mode m
rng Kext 0 0 0 48 144 288
Khong cch Tu
1024T 2048T 4096T 8192T 16384T 32768T
Khong thi gian Tu ms
112 224 448 896 1792 3584
Chu k 1/Tu (Hz)
8,929 4,464 2,232 1,116 558 279

Bng 3.1: Thng s kch thc FFT trong DVB-T2 / 8MHz

61
 * La chn kch thc FFT

Vic la chn kch thc FFT l rt quan trng i vi h thng. V nu tng kch
thc FFT th dn n phi tng khong bo v - GI, iu ny s nh hng n kh
nng ph sng trong mng n tn. Kch thc FFT ln cn phi tnh ton khong bo
v - GI hp l m bo cht lng ng truyn.

Hnh 3.1: Mi lin h gia kch thc FFT v GI

Thu DVB-T2 di ng, bng UHF IV/V, hoc bng tn cao UHF, vi kch
thc FFT nh th kh nng chng li c hiu ng Doppler l tt nht.

Chn kch thc FFT = 1K s chng hiu ng Doppler l tt nht khi hot ng
trong bng L(1,5 GHz), hoc cao hn, nu s dng bng thng 1,7 MHz. Vi t l
ly mu thp hn, khong cch gia cc sng mang l m bo trong knh 8 MHz.

Vi phng thc thu c nh angten thu t ngoi tri, bng tn VHF hoc
UHF, vi tc d liu thu ln, chn ch FFT= 32K l thch hp. Trong trng hp
ny cc bin th thi gian trong knh c gim thiu, vi FFT 32K

s cung cp kh nng t tc bit cao nht c th t c .

Vi kch thc FFT, gin chm sao v Code rate xc nh. Hiu ng
Doppler s ph thuc vo rng bng thng RF (gim mt na bng thng s
gim mt na khong cch gia cc sng mang, kt qu hiu ng Doppler cng s
gim 1 na).

Mt khc, hiu ng Doppler t l nghch vi tn s RF v do tn s cng

cao, hiu ng Doppler cng gim do thi gian p ng knh thay i nhanh chng.
V vy, hiu ng Doppler cng cn c tnh ton cho cc ng dng thu di ng ti

62
 VHF Band III (khong 200 MHz) s dng ch 32K. S dng kch thc FFT= 8K
vi bng tn 800 MHz.

S dng FFT=32K l la chn ti u bng tn VHF, bng thng 7 MHz.

Vic thc hin trong thi gian khc nhau cc knh truyn hnh cng c th b nh
hng bi s la chn ca m hnh th im.

Tm li, vic tng kch thc FFT s lm gim hiu ng Doppler trong h thng.

3.1.2. Kt qu o kim thc t.

RF i-CAN
v
tinh
A/V

RF
RF
TV

RF
TV
proview 7000 DTTV

BRID
A/V ASI RF GE

ENCODER

Co
Phn tch & kim IP mputer
tra

Hnh 3.1: S khi o kim thu, pht

DVB-T2

- Pht DVB-T2 trn knh 28, tn s 530MHz.

Thay i cc thng s pht: Ch iu ch, m sa sai, khong bo v. S

dng thit b o o: mc tn hiu, C/N, MER.

63
 S sng cc Set-top-box nh gi kh nng thu nhn v cht lng hnh
nh.
Ch pht vi 16-QAM, vi tc 18,8Mb/s, GI: 1/32 thay i FFT: 8K
v 16K

FEC FFT C/N(dB) MER(dB) Ghi ch

1/2 8k 11,1 20,1

3/5 8k 11,3 22,3
2/3 8k 11,8 23,3
3/4 8k 11,6 22,8
1/2 16k 14,1 20,9
3/5 16k 14,3 20,7
2/3 16k 14,8 22,1
3/4 16k 14,6 22,4
4/5 16k 14,7 20,9

Bng 3.2: Cc thng s o vi FFT thay i 8K v 16K

Nhn xt:

- Vi cng mt phng php iu ch, khi thay i kch thc FFT th ch s

MER thay i khng nhiu, tuy nhin khi FFT tng muecs C/N yu cu ti my thu s
tng c th thu c tn hiu.

3.2. M rng bng thng

DVB-T2 cho php m rng s lng sng mang s dng cho cc ch : 8K, 16K
v 32K ng thi vn gi bng thng gii hn ca knh RF (8MHz). Ch ny c
gi l: Ch m rng sng mang. Hnh 3.3 biu din ph dy c ca ch m
rng sng mang cho cc ch FFT khc nhau.

64
Hnh 3.2: Ph tn hiu DVB-T2 l thuyt vi khong bo v - GI=1/8
(knh 8Mhz
vi ch sng mang m rng 8K, 16K, 32K)
li (gain) t c gia 1.4% (8Kmode) v 2.1% (32Kmode). Hnh 2.6
so snh ph ca 2K so vi 32K iu kin bnh thng v 32K trong cc ch
sng mang m rng. Sng mang m rng c c tnh tu chn, bi l vi c tnh
ny kh c c th t c mt n ph (spectrum mask) cng nh t s bo v.
Trong DVB-T2, do s sng mang ca ch m rng c tng cao, nn lu
lng d liu truyn i s c tng ln so vi cc ch sng mang thng thng
trong DVB-T. Bng 2.8 cho thy li ca ch m rng vi cc ch FFT
khc nhau.
Mode sng mang
FFT Thng thng M rng
Kch thc S sng mang S sng mang Gain
1K 853 - 0,00%
2K 1,705 - 0,00%
4K 3,409 - 0,00%
8K 6,817 6,913 1,41%
16K 13,633 13,921 2,11%
32K 27,265 27,841 2,11%

Bng 3.3: Tng lu lng d liu knh truyn tng ng vi cc

ch sng
mang m rng
65
 3.3. Pilot tn x
Cc tn hiu pilot l cc sng mang khng cha thng tin. Tuy nhin trong qu
trnh truyn dn truyn hnh s, cc tn hiu Pilot li ng vai tr rt quan trng v
cn c vo cc tn hiu pilot, u thu s bit v nhn dng c cc thng tin m
bn pht ang truyn trn knh: phn b knh, sa li pha chung (CPE), ng b...

Trong DVB-T2 c cc loi pilot khc nhau c s dng:

- Pilot lin tc - (Continued pilto).

- Pilto tn x - (Scattered pilot)

- Pilot P2

- Pilot kt thc khung.

Mc ch Pilot tn x:

Cc pilot tn x c s dng trong DVB-T2 nhm thc hin cc php o ca

knh v c lng p ng knh cho mi t bo OFDM. Qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu
Pilot cn phi lin tc, chng c th bin thin theo knh nh 1 hm trn min tn
s v min thi gian.

Pilot tn x c xc nh t trc c v bin v pha, v c cy vo tn hiu

vi khong cch u nhau trn c hai trc thi gian v tn s. Pilot tn x c s dng
nh gi s thay i cht lng trn ng truyn.
Khc vi DVB-T s dng mu hnh pilot tnh (static pattern): c lp vi kch
thc FFT v khong bo v, trong DVB-T2 tip cn mt cch linh hot hn, bng
cch a ra 8 mu hnh khc nhau c th la chn, tu thuc vo kch thc
FFT v khong bo v i vi mi ng truyn ring bit.

Trong DVB-T2, c th cho php la chn 1 trong 8 thng s pilot tn x

khc nhau - PP (Plot Patterns: t PP1 n PP8), tu thuc vo c tnh ca cc
knh truyn.

66
 Vic la chn PP ph thuc vo kch thc FFT v tc ng ca hiu ng
Doppler v nh hng ca nhiu trong knh cng nh ngoi knh.

Cc pilot tn x PP2, PP4 v PP6 lp li trong mi chu k symbol OFDM th hai

(Dy), bi vy chng th chng li hiu ng Doppler tt nht.

Khong cch ngn (Dx) ca cc pilot trong PP1 chng t cc pilot tn x ny

tt nht chng li can nhiu do phn x ca cng 1 symbol - ISI (Inter-Symbol

Interference). Trong khi PP6 v 7 d b nh hng bi ISI.

Pilot tn x PP8 c nh gi l ph hp vi qu trnh thu c nh nhng

khng ph hp vi thu di ng v PP8 kh thc hin do gii hn ca qu trnh tro thi
gian. Vic la chn tham s pilot tn x PP ph hp l rt quan trng, v n nh hng
n vic tnh ton gia cht lng v lu lng d liu cn truyn.

PP1 PP2
PP3 PP4 PP5 PP6 PP7 PP8 Ghi ch

Khong cch
Dx 3 6
6 12 12 24 24 6 gia cc sng
mang pilot
ring r
Dy 4 2
4 2 4 di ca cc
2 4 4
chui Symbol
1/DxDy 8,33% 8,33% 4,17% 4,17% 2,08% 2,08% 1,04% 1,04% Hiu sut ca
cc Pilot tn x
Bng 3.4 : Cc dng pilot tn x [tham kho theo TS 102 831]
3.4. Khong bo v - GI.

3.4.1. Cc ch iu ch v khong bo v - GI.

DVB-T2, phng thc iu ch 256QAM cho php tng ln 8bit/t bo

OFDM, tng 33% hiu xut s dng ph v dung lng d liu i vi mt t l m
cho trc.

Thng thng, tng dung lng d liu thng i hi mt t s cng sut sng
mang trn tp nhiu - C/N cao hn (4 hoc 5dB, tu thuc vo knh truyn v t l

67
m sa sai), bi l khong cch Euclide gia hai im cnh nhau trn th chm sao
ch bng khong so vi 64-QAM v do vy u thu s nhy cm hn i vi tp
nhiu. Tuy nhin, m LDPC tt hn nhiu so vi m cun (Convolution code) v nu
chn t l m mnh hn mt cht cho 256QAM so vi t l m s dng trong 64-
QAM ca DVB-T, t s cng sut song mang trn tp nhiu C/N s khng thay i
trong khi vn t c mt tng trng tc bit ng k. 256-QAM do vy s l
1 s la chn y ha hn trn thc t.

Hnh 3.3: th chm sao 256-QAM

Vi phng thc iu ch 256-QAM nh vy, i hi khong bo v l rt ln.

Bng 3.4 di y gii thiu cc khong bo v mi cho php p ng vi gii
php iu ch cao.

68
 Khong bo v - GI

1/128 1/32 1/16 19/256 1/8 19/128 1/4

FFT Tu [ms] GI [s]

32k 3.584 28 112 224 266 448 532 NA

16k 1.792 14 56 112 133 224 266 448

8k 0.896 7 28 56 66,5 112 133 224

4k 0.448 NA 14 28 NA 56 NA 112

2k 0.224 NA 7 14 NA 28 NA 56

1k 0.112 NA NA 7 NA 14 NA 28

Bng 3.5: di khong bo v trong DVB-T2 (knh

8Mhz) La chn Khong bo v - GI:

Vic s dng mt s lng ln cc sng mang s dn n vic lng ph bng

thng cho khong bo b GB (Guard Band) v thm na l rt nhiu cp thit b
TRx cho tng sng mang. Vic ny c th khc phc bng cch s dng cc sng
mang c t u n cch nhau mt khong:

fU = 1/ TU

Trong : TU : l khong symbol hu ch (u: useful) vi iu kin

l cc sng mang ny phi c t trc giao nhau.

* V mt ton hc, vic trc giao s nh sau :

Sng mang th k c biu din :

K (t) jk Ut
e
= 2/ T
Trong : U U

iu kin trc giao m sng mang phi tho mn l :

69
 TU
*

K

(t)L ()dt 0, kL
UT , kl

* V ngha vt l: khi gii iu ch tn hiu cao tn ny, b gii iu ch

khng x l cc tn hiu cao tn cn li (kL), kt qu l khng b cc tn hiu cao tn
khc gy nhiu.

* V phng din ph: im ph c nng lng cao nht ri vo im bng

khng ca sng mang kia. Ph cc knh con chng ln ln nhau t khng tn thm
cc khong GB. Do hiu qu s dng ph tng.

* Cng c tnh trc giao bng khong bo v

Thc t, cc sng mang c iu ch nh cc s phc. Nu khong t hp thu

c tri di theo 2 symbol th khng ch c nhiu trong knh - ISI (Inter
Symbol Interference) m cn c nhiu xuyn knh - ICI (Inter Chanel
Interference). trnh iu ny chng ta chn thm khong bo v gip m bo
cc thng tin tng hp l n t cng mt symbol v xut hin c nh.

Hnh 3.4: GI biu din theo min thi gian

Mi khong symbol c ko di thm v th n s vt qu khong t hp
ca my thu TU . V tt c cc sng mang u tun hon trong T U nn ton b tn
hiu c iu ch cng vy. V th on thm vo ti phn u ca symbol to
nn khong bo v s ging vi on c cng di ti cui symbol. Mc ch l

70
lm tr khng vt qu on bo v, tt c thnh phn tn hiu trong khong t hp s
n t cng mt symbol v tiu chun trc giao c tho mn

ICI v ISI ch xy ra khi tr vt qu khong bo v.

di khong bo v c la chn sao cho ph hp vi mc hin tng
phn x nhiu ng.

DVB-T2 s dng nhiu khong bo v khc nhau, ty thuc vo

cc ch thu (di ng, indoor, outdoor...): 1/128, 1/32, 1/16, 19/256,
1/8, 19/128, 1/4

iu Ch Tc m Tc bit cc i (Mbit/s)
1/2 15.03743
3/5 18.07038
2/3 20.10732
16-QAM
3/4 22.6198
4/5 24.13628
5/6 25.16224
1/2 22.51994
3/5 27.06206
2/3 30.11257
64-QAM
3/4 33.87524
4/5 36.1463
5/6 37.68277
1/2 30.08728
3/5 36.15568
2/3 40.23124
256-QAM
3/4 45.25828
4/5 48.29248
5/6 50.34524

Bng 3.6: Tc bit cc i v cu hnh trong knh 8MHz,32k,1/128,PP7

71
 Mt s khc bit na gia DVB-T v DVB-T2 l tng s lng khong bo v
GI: 1/128, 19/256, 19/ 128, mc ch vic tng kch thc chiu di khong bo v s
rt hiu qu trong vic trin khai mng n tn - SFN.

Bng 3.6 v hnh 3.5 cho thy tc cc i v cu hnh cho php ca cc h

thng khc nhau trong di thng 8MHz, 32k, 1/128, PP7.

Hnh 3.5: Tc bit cc i vi cc ch Khong bo v

khc nhau
(Bng thng 8MHz, 32k PP7)
Trong vic quy hoch v trin khai mng DVB-T2, vic tnh ton cc thng
s pht cho b iu ch OFDM l rt quan trng.i vi thng s FFT, cn quan
tm ti:

- Khong cch lin sng mang

- Thi lng symbol.

Kch thc FFT tng: khong cch gia cc sng mang ph nh i v thi
lng symbol tng ln.

3.4.2. Kt qu o kim thc t.

- a im pht: Phng o Lng Th nghim. 84/3 Ngc Khnh

- My pht DVB-T2, Knh 28, cng sut ti a 500W, Anten pht 4 panel, cao 15m

72
- a im o: i THVN - 43 Nguyn Ch Thanh.
- Thit b o:
* My o trng Promax HD - hng Promax.
* My o TV Analyzer - ETL - hng Rohde&Schwarz.
* Xe + Anten o trng chuyn dng - hng Rohde&Schwarz.
B, o vi ch 32K, thay i GI

Thu SFN
Thu Thu ngoi tri
ngoi tri,
ngoi i vi cc
Ch vng ph
tri vng
va
MFN SFN ln
phi
Bng thng 8 8 8

Ch FFT 32K 32K 32K

GI 1/128 1/16 1/8
iu ch 64-QAM 64-QAM 64-QAM

T l m 2/3 2/3 2/3

C/N (dB) 18.9 19,6 20,1

Tc (Mb/s) 28,9 36,5 35,0
Bng 3.7 : Kt qu o kim khi FFT: 32K thay i GI
c. o vi ch 16K, thay i GI.

Thu SFN
Thu ngoi Thu ngoi tri
ngoi tri,
Ch tri i vi cc
vng ph
MFN vng
va
SFN ln
Bng thng 8 phi
Ch FFT 16K 8 8
GI 1/128 16K 16K
iu ch 64-QAM 1/16 1/8
T l m 2/3 64-QAM 64-QAM
C/N (dB) 17.0 2/3 2/3
Tc (Mb/s) 40,2 21,4 22,3
37,4 36,4
Bng 3.8 : Kt qu o kim khi FFT: 16K thay i GI

73
 Nhn xt: Vi cng cc thng s pht, DVB-T2 vi khon bo v m rng ti
1/128 th tc bit c th truyn tng ln rt nhiu.

3.5. Chm sao xoay.

3.5.1 Mt s thng s chm sao xoay.

Mt trong s cc k thut mi c s dng trong DVB-T2 l chm sao xoay

(Rotated Constellation) v tr Q (Q-delay). Sau khi nh v, chm sao c
xoay mt gc trn mt phng I-Q nh m t trn hnh 3.7

Biu chm sao

Nguyn l iu ch DVB-T2 l: 1 khung thng tin c m ha thng qua 1 b m

ha FEC, sau c x l bi 1 b tro bit v chui kt qu s c nh x ln cc
biu tng knh phc tp. 1 biu tng knh ny s bao gm cc thnh phn: I v Q,
hin th nh 1 biu chm sao nh hnh 3.7

Mi symbol mang s lng m bit theo c tnh chm sao la chn.

C nhiu cch gn cc bit vo 1 symbol. Cc kt qu tt nht nu ch c duy

nht 1 bit thay i khi i t 1 symbol ny ti 1 symbol gn nht k tip, theo cch
ny th ch c 1 bit b li khi 1 symbol c cho l khng ph hp vi symbol gn
nht k tip, cch m ha ny c gi l nh x Gray, hnh 2.10 cho thy 1 chm
sao nh x Gray.

Hnh 3.6: Biu chm sao ca iu ch 16-QAM

74
 C nhiu cch gn cc bit vo 1 symbol. Cc kt qu tt nht nu ch c duy
nht 1 bit thay i khi i t 1 symbol ny ti 1 symbol gn nht k tip, theo cch
ny th ch c 1 bit b li khi 1 symbol c cho l khng ph hp vi symbol gn
nht k tip, cch m ha ny c gi l nh x Gray, hnh 3.6 cho thy 1 chm
sao nh x Gray.

Vng Xoay ca biu chm sao

nh x Gray c ngha l: cc thnh phn I v Q c lp ca symbol. Nh 1 h qu,

cc im chm sao cn c 2 thnh phn xc nh: I v Q .

Trong , thnh phn I khng cha thng tin v Q v ngc li.

Vy cch suy tr chnh xc s c lp ny l xoay biu chm sao (hnh

3.7), nh vy m bit n l c thnh phn I v Q ring bit.

Hnh 3.7: Biu chm sao xoay ca iu ch

16-QAM Gc Xoay
xc nh c gc xoay ti u th cn xc nh nhiu thng s.

Ni chung, hnh chiu ca cc im chm sao trn 1 trc nn c 1 khong cch nh

nhau t c hiu qu tt nht. iu tt nht t c vi cc gc xoay trong
bng 3.10

75
 Chm sao Gc xoay()

QPSK 29.0

16-QAM 16.8

64-QAM 8.6

256-QAM 3.6

Bng 3.9: Gi tr ca gc xoay

Tr thi gian gia I v Q

Cc thnh phn I v Q c tch bi qu trnh tro sao cho chng c truyn

trn min tn s v min thi gian khc nhau. Nu c mt thnh phn b hu hoi
trn knh truyn, thnh phn cn li c th c s dng ti to li thng tin.

K thut ny gip hn ch c s mt mt thng tin trn knh Gauss v to

c li 0.7dB trn knh c phaing. li ny cn ln hn trn knh 0dB
phn x (SFN) v knh xo (nhiu t bin, phaing c chn lc)

Hnh 3.8: C s ca b iu ch m ha xen bit vi tr v nh x xoay

3.5.2 Kt qu o kim.

Tin hnh o kim:

- Pht DVB-T2 trn knh 28, tn s 530MHz.

76
 - S dng cc Dng ASI u vo c tc :
+ Tc cao: 38,9Mb/s
+ Tc thp: 24,0Mb/s
- Thay i cc thng s pht: Ch iu ch, m sa sai, khong bo v.
- S dng thit b o o: mc tn hiu, C/N, MER.
- S sng cc Set-top-box nh gi kh nng thu nhn v cht lng hnh
nh.
- t ch thit b pht theo cc ch th nghim, khng quay chm sao
- iu chnh suy hao u vo mc thu c gn gi tr ngng. Ghi cc kt qu
thu o c vi cht lng thu gii m c hnh nh
Tin hnh ci t ch iu ch v quay th chm sao
- iu chnh suy hao u vo mc thu c gn gi tr ngng. Ghi cc kt qu
thu o c vi cht lng thu gii m c hnh nh.
Kt qu o kim thu c nh sau:
A, Khi cha xoay chm sao

Hnh 3.9: Chm sao khi cha xoay

77
 Th nghim vi : ch FFT 32K. (iu chnh trn mc ngng 6dB)

C/N MER
iu ch FEC GI FFT Ghi ch
(dB) (dB)
64-QAM 1/2 1/32 32k 25 26,8

64-QAM 3/5 1/32 32k 25 26,7

64-QAM 2/3 1/32 32k 27 27,6

64-QAM 3/4 1/32 32k 27 27,3

64-QAM 4/5 1/32 32k 27 26,7

64-QAM 5/6 1/32 32k 27 26,1

256-QAM 1/2 1/128 32k 29 26,7

256-QAM 3/5 1/128 32k 29 28,2

256-QAM 2/3 1/128 32k 29 28,9

256-QAM 3/4 1/128 32k 29 29,5

256-QAM 4/5 1/128 32k 29 29,8

256-QAM 5/6 1/128 32k 29 29,5

Bng 3.10: Cc thng s o khi cha xoay chm sao

Mc cng trng 52,5dBV/m. C/N yu cu c th ln ti 25-27dB @

MER 26dB.

78
B, Sau khi xoay chm sao:

Hnh 3.10: Chm sao khi xoay

79
iu ch FEC GI FFT C/N (dB) MER (dB) Ghi ch

64-QAM 1/2 1/32 32k 18,2 23,8

64-QAM 3/5 1/32 32k 18,3 23,7

64-QAM 2/3 1/32 32k 19,8 23,6

64-QAM 3/4 1/32 32k 20,6 24,3

64-QAM 4/5 1/32 32k 20,9 25,2

64-QAM 5/6 1/32 32k 21,9 26,1

256-QAM 1/2 1/128 32k 23,2 26,0

256-QAM 3/5 1/128 32k 24,5 25,9

256-QAM 2/3 1/128 32k 25,6 26,5

256-QAM 3/4 1/128 32k 28,5 28,5

256-QAM 4/5 1/128 32k 29,9 28,8

256-QAM 5/6 1/128 32k 30,2 29,5

Bng 3.11: Cc thng s o khi cha xoay chm sao

c, Nhn xt:
Cc gi tr ngng C/N thay i rt t so vi kt qu o gi tr C/N ngng.
Tuy nhin gi tr cng trng ti thiu v gi tr v gi tr MER c ci thin.

Khi ch chm sao xoay, kh nng n nh tn hiu ti thit b thu cao

hn so vi cha xoay. Gi tr chnh lch khong t 3,5 n 4,5 dB so vi gi tr
ngng.

Vi ch 256 QAM khi C/N mc ngng (khong 21 n 23dB), ngay k c

khi tng t l m ln cao th mc gi tr thu u vo cng khng c ci thin nhiu.
Gi tr MER c ci thin khi tp nhiu nn tng cao.

80
 3.6 Kt lun chng III

Vi nhng u im ca cc yu t trong tiu chun DVB-T2, h thng

DVB-T2 khng gii hn ch thu c nh m cn cho c thu xch tay v thm ch
cho c thu di ng nn tiu chun DVB-T2 s cho cc nh truyn thng hay
nhng ngi vn hnh mng truyn dn t quyt nh la chn m rng h thng
cho ph hp vi cc iu kin thu c nh, xch tay hay thu di ng. T s c
nhng thit k h thng tng ng. iu ny i hi mt tin b r rt v mt h
thng trn c s h thng DVB-T2 hin c p ng nhng i hi v tng dung
lng truyn.
Do vy, nhng i hi thng mi tp trung vo cc lp vt l v cc lp
truyn ti ca h thng vi mc tiu l DVB-T2 s cung cp mt s gia tng ng k
v dung lng truyn dn so vi tiu chun DVB-T hin thi.

81
 KT LUN CHUNG
S sn sng ca chun DVB-T2 mang n cc c hi mi cho mi
trng truyn hnh mt t. Cc nh qung b v nh cung cp dch v khc c
th quan tm h tr cc dch v mi trn DTT m trc kh trin khai do hn
ch v dung lng bng thng trong cc bng tn VHF v UHF. DVB-T2 c th
tng dung lng ln ti 50% i vi mng n tn v cn c th cao hn na i
vi mng a tn.
Vic pht trin chun truyn hnh s mt t th h th hai p ng
c yu cu thc t. l s gia tng dung lng bng thng gip cung cp cho
ngi xem cc dch v truyn hnh mi. Trong nhiu quc gia, chun DVBT2 h tr
c hi cho cc nh qung b trin khai mt chui cc dch v HDTV trn mi
trng DTT. Chun DVB-T2 cng c kh nng h tr cc dch v c th trong
tng lai. Cc dch v th h k tip nh 3D TV c th hng li t vic gia tng
dung lng sn c ca DVB-T2.
Trong mt s quc gia, chun mi ny s dng h tr cc dch v
HDTV (c min ph v tr tin) v cng dng ci tin hay thay th cc dch v
truyn hnh c phn gii chun hin nay.
Sau thi gian nghin cu, lun vn hon thnh cc mc tiu khoa hc
ra, t c mt s kt qu v nghin cu l thuyt v rt ra c mt s nhn
xt c ngha khoa hc v thc tin. Cc ni dung cng vic v cc kt qu t
c ca lun vn bao gm :
+ Trnh by mt cch tng quan v truyn hnh s, u im ca truyn hnh
s so vi truyn hnh tng t, gii thiu s lc v ba tiu chun truyn hnh s
mt t hin c trn th gii l DVB-T
+ Trnh by mt s ni dung chnh v truyn hnh s mt t theotiu chun
chu u th h th 2 (DVB-T2). Nhng u im ca DVB-T2 so vi DVB-T, vi vic
gia tng dung lng ln mc gii hn vt l c th, chun DVB-T2 l mi trng l
tng cho cc dch v trong mi nh: HDTV, 3DTV........................
+ nh gi mt s nhn t c bn to nn nhng u vit ca tiu chun
DVB-T2 so vi DVB-T, nhng u vit ny l c s cho cc nh cung cp mng
c th la chn linh ng cc thng s ty vo iu kin thu, dch v cung cp

82
 TI LIU THAM KHO.

Ting Vit

1. Ng Thi Tr. Truyn hnh s. Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia H Ni 2004.

2. TS. Phm c Bi , KS. Anh T, KS. L Trng Bng . Bi vit Thit lp
mng n tn DVB-T. Khoa Hc K Thut Truyn Hnh - S 4/ 2004.
3. Quyt nh 2451/Q-TTg ngay 27 thng 12 nm 2011 ca Th tng Chnh
ph ph duyt n s ha truyn dn , pht sng truyn hnh mt t n
nm 2020.
4. Kt qu o kim thc t ti i truyn hnh Vit Nam VTV khi tham gia
nhm o th nghim trong qu trnh thc hin lun vn.
5. Tng hp t bai vit trn cc tp ch truyn hnh va bai vit trn mng .
6. Thng t s : 11/2014/TT-BTTTT ca B Thng tin truyn thng v Quy
chun k thut quc gia v cht lng tn hiu truyn hnh s mt t DVB-
T2 ti im thu

Ting Anh

1. ETSI EN 302 755: "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Frame structure

channel coding and modulation for a second generation digital terrestrial
television broadcasting system (DVB-T2)"
2. DVB-T2 Trial Malaysia, ABU digiatal broadcasting symposium kuala
lumpur 2011.
3. Digital Television Technology and Standards - IncJohn Arnold, Michael
Frater, Mark Pickering,John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
4. Digital Television Systems - Marcelo S. Alencar, Cambridge University
Press 2009
5. ETSI EN 301 192: "Digital Video Broadcasting, DVB specification for data
broadcasting".

83