Truyn hnh tng t

(Analog Television)
 Truyn hnh tng t

Chng 1: Truyn hnh en trng

Chng 2: Nguyn l Truyn hnh mu
Chng 3: Camera Truyn hnh
Chng 4: Ghi tn hiu hnh trn bng t
 Chng 1: Truyn hnh en trng

Phng php truyn hnh nh

Tn hiu Truyn hnh en trng
Truyn dn tn hiu truyn hnh
My thu hnh
 Phng php truyn hnh nh
+ c im ca mt ngi;
- Lu nh 1/24s
- Phn bit chi tit 1
- Hnh lip
- Nhy theo phng nm ngang
- Gc quan st ~ 10
Phng php truyn hnh nh
+ Nguyn tc truyn hnh nh:
- Khng truyn ton b hnh nh m ch
truyn cc phn t nh.
- Hai phn t nh k nhau to vi mt
ngi mt gc 1
- T l khun hnh 4/3, 16/9
- Qut t tri sang phi, t trn xung
di
Phng php truyn hnh nh
- S dng qut cng nhiu, nt ( phn
gii) cng cao
- S dng qut ti thiu = S dng qut c
kh nng ti to li hnh nh m khng
gy kh chu cho ngi xem
- S dng qut thch hp: 10x60=600 dng
- S im nh/nh: 600x600x4/3=480.000
- Khong cch n mn hnh thch hp:
(H/2) : tg5 = 6H
 Phng php truyn hnh nh
+S nh truyn trong 1s:
- in nh: 24 hnh/s
- Thc t: 1 hnh x 2 ln 48 hnh
- Truyn hnh: 25 nh (Tn s in li
50Hz), 30 nh (Tn s in li 60Hz).
- S dng phng php qut xen k:
- 25 nh (Frames)/s 50 mnh (Fields)/s
- 30 nh (Frames)/s 60 mnh (Fields)/s
Mnh th nht Mnh th hai

Mt nh hon chnh
 Phng php truyn hnh nh
H 625 dng:
+ Tn s nh (Frame): 25 nh/s
+ Tn s mnh (Field): 50 mnh/s
+ Chu k ca mt mnh: 20ms
+ S dng/mnh: 312.5
+ Tn s dng: 15625 dng/s
+ Chu k ca mt dng: 64s
+ Thi gian tch cc ca mt dng: 52, (53.1s)
+ Thi gian xa dng:12s,(10.9s)
 Phng php truyn hnh nh
H 525 dng:
+ Tn s nh (Frame): 30 nh/s
+ Tn s mnh (Field): 60 mnh/s
+ Chu k ca mt mnh: 16.84ms
+ S dng/mnh: 262.5
+ Tn s dng: 15750 dng/s
+ Chu k ca mt dng: 63.56s
+ Thi gian tch cc ca mt dng:52.49s
+ Thi gian xa dng:11s
 Phng php truyn hnh nh
Xung ng b:
+Mc ch: ng b h thng qut tia in
t u thu v pht
+Cc loi xung ng b: dng, mnh, xung
ch, xung cn bng trc, xung cn bng
sau
+Thng s k thut (xung ng b dng, t/c
625 dng):
W:4.7s, F:15625Hz, A:-0.3V
a- Xung ng b mnh khng c xung cn bng b- Xung ng b mnh c xung cn bng
 Phng php truyn hnh nh
Xung xa:
+ Mc ch: Xa tia qut ngc
+ Xa dng (t/c CCIR): 0.18H
+ Xa mnh (t/c CCIR): 0.08V
(H=64s, V=20ms)
+ t/c OIRT: - Xa dng: 12s
- Xa mnh: 1.6ms (25H)
 Tn hiu Truyn hnh en trng
+ Tn hiu Video (Video Signal):
0 0.7 V
+ Xung ng b (Sync Signal):
4.7 s, -0.3V
+ Xung xa (Blanking Signal):
12 s, 0V
+ Tn hiu Truyn hnh = Tn hiu Video tng hp
(Composite Video Signal CVS):
Video + Sync + Blanking = CVS = 1Vpp
 Tn hiu Truyn hnh en trng

Tn s cao nht ca tn hiu

Video:
*Tn s cao nht ca tn hiu Video tng ng
vi tn hiu gm cc im nh en-trng xen k:
*T = B rng ca 2 phn t nh
*Fmax ( l thuyt) = 1/T
*F max (thc t) = Fmax(l thuyt) x K(h s
lm trn)
= [(800:2):52]x0.7~ 5MHz
 Ph tn hiu Video
* Ph tn hiu Video: 0 6 MHz
* 0Hz = DC ~ Ton b hnh nh c cng
mt mc sng
* 6MHz : Chi tit nh nht ca hnh nh
* Khng lin tc, nng lng tp trung
xung quanh nfh
 Ph ca tn hiu Video

0Hz 6MHz
U

fV

fH-fV fH fH+fV
2fH-fV 2fH 2fH+fV

nfH

fH+nfV
nfV

f
 Truyn dn tn hiu truyn hnh

iu ch tn hiu hnh:
* Video: iu bin (AM), iu ch m, mt di
bin tn ct (cn d)
* Audio: FM
* Khong cch Fh, Ft: 6.5 MHz (t/c D/K OIRT)
* B rng knh cao tn: 8MHz
* T l cng sut hnh ting: - en trng: 5/1
- Mu : 10/1
 MHz
fo fS fo fo + fS

a- Ph tn hiu iu bin

MHz
fo 6,0 fo fo + 6,0

b- Ph iu bin tn hiu video 0- 6,0 MHz

 c- Ph iu bin vi mt di bin
tn

d- Ph iu bin vi mt di bin tn ct
d- B lc ti u thu

e- Ph tn hiu iu bin ti u ra b lc
fh ft

ft fh = 6.5 MHz
 Mch /ch Sa
vo IFV IF
Video

Tin K
OSC(1) Cng MIX Lc K C/S Lc

Mch /ch
IFA OSC(2)
vo
Audio

My pht hnh ting chung

 IFV RFV
Video X l T/h /ch IFV Trn 1 Tin K K C/S
IN

Sa video OSC Diplexer Lc

Audio Mch vo /ch IFA Trn 2 Tin K K C/S

IN
IFA RFA

My pht hnh ting ring

 My thu hnh

My thu hnh en trng

n hnh (Picture Tube)
Cc tiu chun TH en trng
 Trung tn Gii /C K/ai cng
ting (K) FM sut ting

Loa
B chn K/i trung Gii /C T/h
knh tn hnh

K/i K C/sut
Video Video

Tch xung
ng b

Tch xung V To T/h qut

Dao ng mnh
dng mnh mnh

H
To T/h
Mch so pha Dao ng dng
qut dng
To cao p
Tiu chun A B/G C D/K E
UK CCIR Luxemburg OIRT France

S dng/nh 405 625 625 625 819

Tn s mnh Hz 50 50 50 50 50
Tn s dng Hz 10125 15625 15625 15625 20475
Chu k 1 dng 98.76 64 64 64 48.8
Thi gian tch cc ca 1 dng 80.76 52 52 52 39.3
Xung ng b dng s 8 to 10 4.7 5 4.7 2.5
Xung xo dng s 18 12 12 12 9.5
Vai trc s 1.75 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.1
Xo mnh Lines 13 to 15.5 25 25 25 33
Video BW M Hz 3 5 5 6 10
RF BW M Hz 5 7(B)/8(G) 7 8 14
Khong cch sng mang hnh ting M Hz -3.5 5.5 5.5 6.5 11.15

B rng bin tn d M Hz 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 2

Khong cch t sng mang hnh n im kt thc bng M Hz 3.75 1.25 1.25 1.25 2.83
tn

M c xung RF % <3 100 <3 100 <3

M c xo RF % 30 737 ) 25 75 30
M c trng RF % 100 10 100 12.5 100
iu ch hnh C3F pos C3F neg C3F pos C3F neg C3F pos
iu ch ting A3E A3E A3E F3E A3E
T l cng sut hnh/ting 4:01 10:01 4:01 10:01 10:01
Tiu chun H I K1 L M N
Belgium UK FOPTA France FCC South
America

S dng/nh 625 625 625 625 525 625

Tn s mnh Hz 50 50 50 50 60 50
Tn s dng Hz 15625 15625 15625 15625 15750 15625
Chu k 1 dng 64 64 64 64 63.49 64
Thi gian tch cc ca 1 dng 52 52 52 52 52.49 53.1
Xung ng b dng s 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 5
Xung xo dng s 12 12 12 12 11 10.9
Vai trc s 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.75 1.9
Xo mnh Lines 25 25 25 25 19 to 21 19 to 25
Video BW M Hz 5 5.5 6 6 4.2 4.2
RF BW M Hz 8 8 8 8 6 6
Khong cch sng mang hnh ting M Hz 5.5 6 6.5 6.5 4.5 4.5

B rng bin tn d M Hz 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 0.75 0.75

Khong cch t sng mang hnh n im kt M Hz 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
thc bng tn

M c xung RF % 100 100 100 <6 100 100

M c xo RF % 75 76 75 30 75 75
M c trng RF % 10 20 3
10 100(110) ) 10 10

iu ch hnh C3F neg C3F neg C3F neg C3F neg C3F neg C3F neg

iu ch ting F3E F3E F3E A3E F3E F3E

T l cng sut hnh/ting 5:01 5:01 10:01 10:01 10:01 10:01

Chng 2: Nguyn l Truyn hnh mu

nh sng & mu sc
Nguyn l Truyn hnh mu
Cc h Truyn hnh mu
 nh sng & mu sc

Bn cht vt l ca nh sng
nh sng trng & by sc mu
ph
Cc c tnh ca nh sng
nhy ph ca mt ngi
Bn cht vt l ca nh sng

Hng ngoi ASng T ngoi

f(Hz)
0 105 1010 1015 1020
3,8.10147,8.1014
Radio
Wave
nh sng trng & by sc mu
Theo quy nh ca C.I.E (Commission
International dEclairage):
+Mu (Red): c bc sng 700nm
+Mu xanh l cy (Green): 546.1nm
+Mu xanh nc bin (Blue):
435.8nm
 (nm)
380 780

Tm Xanh da Lam Xanh l Vng Da cam

V tri B C cy Y O R
(Violet) (Blue) (Cyan) G (Yellow) (orange) (Red)
(Green)

380 430 470 500 560 590 650 780

 Cc c tnh ca nh sng

chi (Luminance)
bo ha mu (Saturation)
Sc mu (Hue)
 nhy ph ca mt ngi
nhy tng i
Nhm G

Nhm R

Nhm B

B nm
G R
 nhy ph ca mt ngi
chi
59%

30%

11%

nm
B G R
 Nguyn l Truyn hnh mu

Khi nim v mu sc
Tnh tng thch vi truyn
hnh en trng
Tn hiu truyn hnh mu
 Khi nim v mu sc

Mu khng phi l bn cht

ca vt th
Mi mu sc = s trn ln 3
mu c bn
Trn bng phng php cng
Trn bng phng php tr
R=G=B R
Y G
R+G=Y
R+B=M W
B+G=C M C
R+G+B=W

B
nh sng
trng Knh lc
()

nh sng
xanh Knh lc ?
()
Tng thch vi truyn hnh en trng

Pht en trng:
+ My thu en trng thu c en trng
+ My thu mu thu c en trng
Pht mu:
+ My thu en trng thu c en trng
+ My thu mu thu c mu
 Tn hiu truyn hnh mu
- Tn hiu chi:
Y=0.3R + 0.59G + 0.11B
- Tn hiu hiu mu:
R-Y, B-Y
- iu ch tn hiu hiu mu
Fsc= (2n-1)fH/2
Fsc vng tn s cao ca tn hiu chi
Fsc < fmax (Video)
 Cc h truyn hnh mu
H NTSC (National Television
System Committee)
H PAL (Phase Alternative Line)
H SECAM (Squentille Couleur
avc Memoire)
 Cc h truyn hnh mu
H NTSC (National Television
System Committee)
+ Ra i nm 1953
+ Y=0.3 R+ 0.59G+ 0.11B
+ I = 0.735(R-Y)-0.268(B-Y)
+ Q= 0.478(R-Y)+0.413(B-Y)
(BW(Y): 4.2 MHz; BW(I): 1.3 MHz; BW(Q):0.5MHz)
+ Fsc=(2n-1)Fh/2 ~ 3.58MHz (i vi t/c 525 dng), n=228
~ 4.43MHz (i vi t/c 625 dng), n=284
M ha NTSC (NTSC Encoder)

R Tr 1s
NTSC
G Ma I
Lc thng
C1
thp
1.3MHz
Tr 0.6
s SAM Y Colour
B trn Q C Video
Lc thng thp SAM
+ + +
0.5MHz C2
00
OSC To fSC +330 +900

To Burst mu

fH, fV
To xung ng b, xung xo, ...
Gii m NTSC (NTSC Decoder)

NTSC Y
Video Nn sng mang Tr R
Ma
I
G
trn
B lc Gii iu ch I
di Q B

Gii iu ch Q

fH To sng
Tch
mang ph +330 +900
Burst
 Cc h truyn hnh mu
H PAL: (Phase Alternative Line)
+Ra i nm 1961
+ Nhm khc phc cc nhc im ca NTSC
+ Y=0.3 R+ 0.59G+ 0.11B
+ U = 0.493(B-Y)
+ V = 0.877(R-Y), i pha theo tng dng
(BW(Y): 5MHz; BW(U): 1.3 MHz; BW(V):1.3MHz)
+ Fsc= (2n+1)fh/4 + fv/2 ~ 4.433.618,75Hz, n=567
+ La chn Fsc: - min tn s cao ca Y
- PAL NTSC
- PAL Fv, Fh

Tng 2 vc t
 Cc h truyn hnh mu
+Tn hiu ng b mu (Burst):
- 10 1 Chu k hnh sin
- Fsc= 4.43MHz
- V tr: Vai sau xung xa dng
- Pha thay i theo tng dng
M ha PAL (PAL Encoder)

Y Y
R PAL
Tr Video
G Ma V C1 +
+
B
SAM
trn U
SAM +
C2 C 1350

fH
Burst Gate

To fSC 00 S1 S2
fSC=4,43MHz +900 -900 +1350 -1350

Dao ng
To xung ng b
 Lc chn di Tr R
T/h 4,43MHz
PAL
a G
+1800 Ma
2V
+ Gii iu ch
Lc tch b V Trn B
Tr 1H 900
tn hiu
mu c 2U
+ Gii iu ch
U 0
0

+1350
Tch Burst OSC -1350
Burst Gate 4,43MHz
fH/2
So snh /K
pha
-1350
 Cc h truyn hnh mu
H SECAM (Squentille Couleur avc
Mmoire)
+ Ra i nm 1959
+ Nhm khc phc cc nhc im ca PAL,NTSC
+ Y=0.3 R+ 0.59G+ 0.11B
+ DR = - 1.9(R-Y)
+ DB = +1.5(B-Y)
+ Mt dng truyn DR, mt dng truyn DB
(BW(Y): 6MHz; BW(DR): 1.5 MHz; BW(DB):1.5MHz)
+ Tn hiu hiu mu c iu tn
+ FDR= 282Fh = 4.406,25 KHz
+ FDB= 272Fh = 4.250 KHz
 Cc h truyn hnh mu
+Tn hiu ng b mu (ID):
1.Theo mnh:
- Chu k 2H
- 9 xung cho DR, 9 xung cho DB
- V tr: Xung xa mnh
2. Theo dng:
- Tn s: 4.404,25KHz; 4.250KHz
- V tr: Vai sau xung xa (nh h PAL)
M ha SECAM (SECAM Encoder)

Tr

Y
R

DR 1,5MHz fOR = 4,406

Ma MHz
G + L Tin F SECAM
Tr c nh M B Color
n n lc Video
S +
W hnh
1,5MHz
B chun
+ L Ti F g ngc
c n M
DB nh
fOB = 4,25 MHz
n
V. Ident To 7.8125 KHz (fH/2)
(9 xung) ng b
Gii m SECAM (SECAM Decoder)

SECAM Lc thng Y
Video Tr
thp
3MHz
0,7 R
B lc
di Ma
Tch DR
fmR, Gii hn Gii G
sng Trn
B lc fmB bin nhn
Chuy FM
hnh n (4,406)
B
chung Mch DB
Gii hn Tch Gii
(SW)
bin sng nhn
Tr 1H FM
(4,25)

Nhn dng /K Nhn dng

dng C/Mch mnh
Chng 3: Camera Truyn hnh
S khi nguyn l
Knh lc nhit mu
H thng ng knh tch mu
ng thu hnh (Pick-up Tube)
S khi nguyn l Camera Truyn hnh mu

R
M
T/ hiu
G A
Kn
I truyn
ng
h hnh
knh G T LPF
lc U mu
quang mu
R
C
hc B
H
n Tn hiuhiu
Knh phn
x B LPF mu sau iu
ch
ng thu hnh

To xung sng mang mu

Chng 3: Camera Truyn hnh
Knh lc nhit mu:
+Khi nim v nhit mu
+Quan h gia nhit mu v
mu sc ca ngun sng
+Knh lc nhit mu
H thng ng knh tch mu

green red
r
4
3
1
g

blue b
ng knh
2
quang hc

Knh lc nhit Knh tch

mu mu
ng thu hnh( Pick-up Tube)
Bia Cun li tia

Trong
sut
ng
Tia in t
phng tia

Lp quang in tr
nh Thu
knh
Tn hiu Video
 Chng 4: Ghi tn hiu hnh trn bng t

Hin tng t ha
Vt liu t cng, vt liu t mm
Nguyn l ghi, c tn hiu trn bng t
Ghi tn hiu hnh trn bng t
 Hin tng t ha
T trng:
H=nI/L
Trong : H: Cng t trng
n: S vng ca cun dy
I : Cng dng in
L: Chiu di ca ng dy
t k=n/L, ta c: H=kI
 Hin tng t ha
Cm ng t:
B=H
Trong : B: Cm ng t
H: Cng t trng
: t thm ca vt liu
Chu trnh t tr

Bmax A

Bd

B1
- Hc
B2

-H max H1 H2 H max
H

- B max
 Vt liu t cng, vt liu t mm
Vt liu t cng: Kh b t ha, kh b kh
t, t thm nh, lc khng t cao
+ Cng dng: Gia cng thnh bt ph
ln bng t
Vt liu t mm: D b t ha, d b kh
t, t thm ln, lc khng t nh.
+ Cng dng: Ch to u t
u t
Nguyn l ghi, c tn hiu trn bng t

Nguyn l ghi:
I = sin2ft
H = kI = ksin2ft, (k=n/L)
Nguyn l c:
= msin 2ft
= -nd/dt = - 2fnmcos 2ft
Nh vy ph thuc vo tn s!
 1

fCAO
Nguyn l ghi, c tn hiu trn bng t
Tn hao do u t:
= V/f
Trong : : bc sng
V: vn tc tng i gia bng v u t
f: tn s ca tn hiu
Khi /2 = d ton b dng t thng khp kn qua li u t; t gi
tr Max
f ; Khi = d, = 0
Nh vy i vi f cao, m bo ln, d phi nh hoc V
phi ln!
i vi f thp, bin thin ca t thng khng ng k, nn cng
rt nh.
 Ghi tn hiu hnh trn bng t

Ghi tn hiu Video fmax:

+ Vi fmax ta c min= V/fmax
+ > 0; min = V/fmax > d
+ T suy ra: V > fmax.d
+ Gi thit fmax = 6MHz, d = 2m, ta c:
V > 6 x 2 = 12 m/s!
+ Vi cun bng di 1000m, vi V =
12m/s, ch ghi c ~ 83 giy!
 Ghi tn hiu hnh trn bng t

Ghi tn hiu Video fmin:

+ Vi fmin ta c max= V/fmin
+ Gi thit V = 12 m/s nh trn, v gi
thit fmin = 50 Hz, ta c:
max = 12/50 = 0.24m
+ t c max, rng d ca khe t
phi c gi tr bng:
d = max/2 = 0.24/2 = 0.12m!
 Ghi tn hiu hnh trn bng t

+ Vi d = 0.12m s tha mn yu cu ghi,

c tn s 50Hz nhng li khng tha
mn i vi 6MHz, v cng tng t nh
vy i vi d = 2m!
+ Do di tn s ca tn hiu Video qu rng
(0 6MHz), khng th tha mn cng mt
lc vic ghi c tn hiu trn c hai vng
tn s cao v thp!
Phng php ghi vung gc
ng ting knh 1

u t
Bng t ng ting knh 2
Video

1
Vt t
4 2

M t
3 ng tn hiu iu
khin

a u t
xoay
Phng php ghi xin
u t
a u t Bng t
xoay
Bng t

u t

a- Nhn ngang b- Nhn t trn xung

1 2

Vt t Bng t
4

c- Mt bng t
 Ghi tn hiu hnh trn bng t

My ghi hnh VHS (Video Home System):

Qu trnh ghi:
+iu tn vi h s iu ch rt nh
(~0.1)
+ Vi fmax = 3MHz, BW = 2fmax = 6MHz
+ Tch tn hiu chi Y iu ch FM
+ Tch tn hiu mu C v phch xung vng
tn s thp
 Tch Chi (Y) mu (C)

C
Y Y (fm)

C C (Down Converter)
 Y+C

C
 Ghi tn hiu hnh trn bng t

Qu trnh c:
+ Tn hiu chi Y c a qua mch gii
iu ch FM
+ Tn hiu mu C c phch tr li vng
tn s cao
+Tn hiu chi Y ( c gii iu ch) v
tn hiu mu C ( c phch tr li tn
s ban u) c a n mch trn
ti to li tn hiu video ban u.
FM Demodulator

Up-Converter
Y Y+C

C
 Ghi tn hiu hnh trn bng t

My ghi hnh Betacam

+X l tn hiu theo phng php ghp knh theo
thi gian c nn (CTDM Compressed Time
Division Multiplex)
+ Qu trnh ghi: Hai tn hiu R-Y v B-Y c
ghp li v ghi trn cng mt vt t sau khi
nn v mt thi gian. Chng b tr 1H so vi tn
hiu chi Y
+ Qu trnh c: Tn hiu R-Y v B-Y c gii
nn v tr v trng thi ban u. Chng b tr
thm 1H (tng cng 2H) so vi tn hiu chi Y
 1H 1H 1H

YN YN+1 YN+2

Tn hiu vo

(R-Y)N (R-Y)N+1 (R-Y)N+2

Tn hiu vo

(R-Y)N-1 (B-Y)N-1 (R-Y)N (B-Y)N (R-Y)N+1 (B-Y)N+1

Tn hiu c nn

(B-Y)N (B-Y)N+1 (B-Y)N+2

Tn hiu vo
 1H 1H 1H

YN YN+1 YN+2

Tn hiu ra

(R-Y)N-2 (R-Y)N-1 (R-Y)N

Tn hiu ra

(R-Y)N-1 (B-Y)N-1 (R-Y)N (B-Y)N (R-Y)N+1 (B-Y)N+1

Tn hiu gii nn

(B-Y)N-2 (B-Y)N-1 (B-Y)N

Tn hiu ra
THE END