AUTONOMOUS

Fiber Optics

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 Introduction

Optical fiber is a long thin transparent dielectric material

which carries EM waves of visible and IR frequencies from
one end to the other end of the fiber by means of TIR.

NOTE: Glass or Plastic is used as Dielectric material.

Optical fibers works as Wave guides in optical television

signals, digital data to transmit voice television signals,
digital data to any desired distance from one end to the
other end of the fiber.

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 Optical fiber is very thin and flexible
medium having a cylindrical shape
consisting of three section

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 Optical fiber consists of three
sections
1. Core
2. Cladding
3. Protective Jacket
Core: It is an inner cylindrical material
made up of glass or plastic
Cladding: It is a cylindrical shell of glass or
plastic material in which Core is inserted.
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 Optical fiber consists of three
sections
Protective Jacket: The Cladding is enclosed
in polyurethane jacket and it protects the
fiber from surroundings.

NOTE: The RI of core is slightly greater

than the RI of Cladding. The normal
standard values are 1.48 and 1.46
respectively.
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 Structure of an Optical fiber
Principle:The light launched inside the
core through its one end propagates to the
other end due to TIR at the core and
cladding interface.this is the principle of
optical fiber

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 NORMAL

RERAR MEDIUM

NORMAL r = 90

DENSAR MEDIUM

c c

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 NORMAL
RERAR MEDIUM

DENSAR MEDIUM

c
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According to law of refraction
n1 sin n2 sin r
c r 90 0

n2
sin c sin 90 0

n1
n2
sin c
n1
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 Acceptance Angle And Acceptance Cone

The maximum angle of incidence at

the end face of an Optical fiber for
which the light ray can be propagated
along Core-Cladding interface is
known as maximum Acceptance
angle. It is also called Acceptance
cone half angle.
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Acceptance Angle And Acceptance
Cone
Core-Cladding interface

B
r

Core n1
r
i A
C Fiber axis

Cladding n2 11
Acceptance Angle And Acceptance
Cone
Applying Snell s law for Air-Core media
n0 sin i n1 sin r ..............(1)
from the right angle triangle ABC
r 900
r 900
n0 sin i n1 sin( 900 )
n0 sin i n1 cos
n1
sin i cos .........(2)
n0
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Acceptance Angle And Acceptance
Cone
when critical angle ( c ) i m
n1
sin m cos c ................(3)
n0
according to law of refraction
n1 sin i n2 sin r
i c r 90 0
n2
sin c sin 90 0
n1
n2
sin c
n1
n2 2
cos c 1 sin 2 c 1 ( )
n1

n1 n2
2 2

cos c ............(4) 13
n1
Acceptance Angle And Acceptance
Cone
substitute equation (4) in (3)

n1 n2
2 2
n1
sin m
n0 n1
if the medium surroundin g the fiber is air, then n 0 1
sin m n1 n2
2 2

max sin 1 n12 n2 2

This maximum angle is called the acceptance angle or

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acceptance cone
 Acceptance Cone
Rotating the Acceptance angle about the
fiber axis describes the Acceptance Cone of
the fiber.
Light launched at the fiber end within this
Acceptance Cone alone will be accepted
and propagated to the other end of the fiber
by total internal reflection.

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 Acceptance Cone

m
m

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Acceptance Cone
 Numerical Aperture
Light collecting capacity of the fiber is
expressed in terms of acceptance angle
using the terminology Numerical
Aperture
Sine of the maximum acceptance angle is
called is called the Numerical Aperture of
the fiber.

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 Numerical Aperture
NA sin max
n1 n2
2 2

sin max
n0
NA n1 n2
2 2

n n2
2 2
1 2
(let us define a quanitity called as reletive
2n1
refractive index difference by the expression )
NA n1 2
2

NA n1 2 18
 Numerical Aperture
It should be noted that the Numerical
Aperture of a fiber i.e its light collecting
capacity is effectively dependent only on
the refractive indices of the core and
cladding materials and is not a function of
the fiber dimensions.

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 TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBRES

On the basis of variation of RI of core, the optical

fibers are mainly classified into following types.
i.e.,

1.Step Index fiber 2.Graded Index fiber

NOTE: Based on Mode of propagation, the

fibers are further divided into Single Mode and
Multi Mode.

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 Single and Multimode Fibers

cladding

M=2 m=1

Launching end m=0

Of the fiber
M=2 m=1 core

cladding

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 Single mode: if the thickness of the fiber is
so small that is supports only one mode
then the fiber is called Monomode or
single mode fiber .
Instead if its supports more than one mode
then it is called Multimode fiber

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Refractive index profile of
single mode step index fiber

60 to 70 m

8 to 10 m

RI

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Radial distance
 step index fiber
In these fibers the entire core has uniform
refractive index n1 slightly grater than the
refractive index of the cladding n2index
profile is in the form of a Step ,these fibers
are called step index fibers

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REFRACTIVE INDEX PROFILE OF
MULTI MODE STEP INDEX FIBRE

100 to 250 m

50 to 200 m

RI

Radial distance 25
 Multimode Step Index Fiber

The construction of this fiber is similar to Single mode

step index fiber but dimensions of Core and Cladding
are much larger to have more number of paths for
light propagation.

The Core diameter varies from 50 to 200m and the

Cladding diameter varies from 100 to 250m.

It is also a reflective fiber since light is propagated in

the form of multiple TIR.

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Transmission of single in step index
fiber.

2 core

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 Graded index fiber

60 to 70 m

8 to 10 m

RI

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Radial distance
 Graded index fiber
In graded index multimode fiber ,the refractive
index of the core varies radially .
It has maximum refractive index at its centre,
which gradually falls with increase of radius and
at the core cladding interface matches with the
RF of the cladding.
The variation of refractive index of the core (n)
with radius (x),measured from the centre of the
core ,is given by
n(x)=n1[1-2(x/a)p]2

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Transmission of signal in graded
index fiber

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REFRACTIVE INDEX PROFILE OF
MULTIMODE GRADED INDEX FIBRE

100 to 250 m

50 to 200 m

RI

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 Optical fiber Communication
System

An efficient optical fiber communication system requires

high information carrying capacity such as voice signals,
video signals over long distances with a minimum
number of repeaters. It essentially consists of following
parts.

1.Encoder 2. Transmitter 3.Wave guide

4.Receiver 5.Decoder

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 1.Encoder: It converts electric signal corresponding to analog
information such as voice, figures, objects etc into a binary data. This
binary data corns out in the form of stream of electrical pulses.

2.TRANSMITTER: It mainly consists of drive circuit and a light

source. Drive circuit supplies the electric pulses to the light source
from the encoder.

NOTE: LED or diode laser is used as light source and it converts

electrical signals are infected into optical signals. These optical
signals are injected into wave guide.

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 TRANSMITTER

Electrical OPTICAL SIGNAL

DRIVE SOURCE LIGHT SOURCE
signal

ENCODER

PHOTO SIGNAL DECODER

DETECTOR RESTORER
Wave guide

AMPLIFIER

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receiver
 Attenuation or Power loss in
Optical fibers
The power of the light at the out put end is found to be always less
than the power launched at the input end.

Attenuation is found t be a function of fiber material, wavelength of

light and length of the fiber and it is measured in terms of the decibel.
Attenuation mainly three types.
1.Scattering losses
2.Absorption losses
3.Bending losses

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