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Instrumentation and Process Control (IPC)
Instrumentation and Process Control (IPC)
Control (IPC)
1
Incentives of Chemical Process
Control
2
Suppressing the influence of
External Disturbances
Control Objectives
Identify the variables 1. To keep temperature at
desired value.
2. To keep volume or level
Develop Control Mechanism of the liquid in the tank
at desired value
Example
Controlling the
operation of Stirred
Tank Heater
3
Suppressing the influence of
External Disturbances
Expected Disturbance
Fi, Ti
T h
Q F, T
Fs
5
Control Mechanism
Fi, Ti
Thermocouples
Set
Point
-T T h
+ e Q F, T
Controller
e> 0 , more steam is
required
Fst e< 0 , less steam is
required
6
Feed-Back Control Configuration
Use the direct measurements of the controlled variable
to adjust the manipulated variables. The control action is
taken after the disturbances effect the controlled output
variables.
Feed-forward Control
Configuration
Use the direct measurements of the disturbances
to adjust the manipulated variables: Objective is
to keep output variable at desired value. It
anticipates the control action to be taken.
Inferential Control Configuration
Uses secondary measurements ( because the controlled
variables can not be measured ) to adjust the manipulated. The
control objective is to keep the unmeasured controlled variable
at desired levels.
Design Elements of a Control
System
Design the Controller: In every configuration, the
law automatically.
Ensure Stability of a Chemical
Process
X = T , CA B
X is disturbed at t = to A
X
X
External
External
Disturbanc Disturbanc c
e
e
to to
Time Time
cA, Ti, Fi
Stream
Condenser
Controller
1 2
Reaction A B C (endothermic reaction)
Desired undesired 12 12
Optimizing the performance of Batch
Reactor
Minimium utilization
Qmin
0 tr Time
Classification of Variables
Variables that are extensively used in the Process Control
Varibles
Input Output
CV MV
h Fi , F
16
Example of Stirred Tank Heater
Objective is to maintain the level and
Fi, Ti Temperature of liquid in tank i.e. h & T
Input Variable : Fi,Ti, Fst
Output Variables:
F ( if not manipulated)
V or h
T h T
CV MV
Q F, T h Fi , F
T Fst
Fst
17
Terminologies
Control Configuration
A control configuration is the information structure that is used
to connect the available measurements to the valuable
manipulated variables.
Two types of CC
SIS0 = single input single output configuration , example
controlling the level of the liquid in the tank
MIMO= multiple input multiple out configuration = Example
controlling the level and temperature of the liquid in the tank
by changing output flow rate and steam flow rate.
Example of Distillation
Condenser
CV MV loop
xD R 1 Reflux Drum
xB VB 2 F mD
D
mD D 3 Z R xD
xD
mB B 4
VB
mB
Reboiler
B
xB
(Stephanopoulos, 1984)
Terminologies
Set point
The set point is a value for a process variable that is
desired to be maintained.
Terminologies
Error:
The difference between the measured variable and the set point
23
Design Elements of a Control
System
Define Control Objective ( central element)
Select measurements
Measuring and monitoring the process variables
Primary Measurements
Secondary Measurements
Unmeasured output = f ( secondary measurements)
Select Manipulate Variables
Select Control Configuration
Example
Hardware Elements for a Process
Control
In Control configuration , there are mainly two
categories of hard ware elements
type of signals .
Control Valve