Atomic Bonding in

Solids
Each atom consists
of a very small
nucleus composed
of protons and
neutrons,which is
encircled by moving
electrons
BONDING FORCES AND ENERGIES
Aim

An understanding of many of
the physical properties of
materials is predicated on
a knowledge of the interatomic
forces that bind the atoms
together
 r
Atom Atom
1 2
Physical properties based on
bonding force &energy
- Materials having large bonding
energies typically also have
high melting temperatures
- Mechanical stiffness of a
material is dependent on the
shape of its force VS
interatomic separation curve
- How much a material expands
upon heating or contracts upon
cooling is related to the shape of
its E0 VS r0 curve
 Type of bonding

Primary bonding Secondary

bonding
- Ionic bonding
- Covalent bonding
- Metalic bonding
Ionic bonding
Covalent bonding
The number of
covalent bonds
that is possible for
a particular atom
is determined by
the number of
valence electrons
Metallic bonding
metals are
good
conductors of
both electricity
and heat, as a
consequence of
their free
electrons
 SECONDARY BONDING OR
VAN DER WAALS BONDING

Secondary bonding is evidenced for the

inert gases, which have stable electron
structures, and, in addition, between
molecules in molecular structures that
are covalently bonded
VAN DER WAALS FORCES
VAN DER WAALS FORCES