化学考试材料 Information

 识别元素 elements、化合物 compounds 和混合物 mixtures 之间的物理和化

学性质的差异。
 描述物理性质用于分类化合物是属于离子，共价，还是原子晶体。
1.ionic ： An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of
electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net
positive or negative electrical charge
2. covalent molecular ： A form of valence in which electrons are shared
between participating atoms; The number of electrons that a particular
atom can share
3. covalent network：原子网络（晶体）（Boron, carbon and silicon form
networks rather than molecules. You should commit that fact to
memory.）
 区分金属键，离子键，和共价键
金属键（metallic bond）是化学键的一种，主要在金属中存在。由自由电
子及排列成晶格状的金属离子之间的静电吸引力组合而成。由于电子的自
由运动，金属键没有固定的方向，因而是非极性键。
离子键 (ionic bond)指阴离子，阳离子间通过静电作用形成的化学键。
共价键（covalent bond）是化学键的一种，两个或多个原子共同使用它们
的外层电子，在理想情况下达到电子饱和的状态，由此组成比较稳定的化
学结构叫做共价键。
Metallic bonding is the electromagnetic interaction between delocalized electrons
, called conduction electrons , gathered in an "electron sea", and the metallic
nuclei within metals .
An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond formed through an electrostatic
attraction between two oppositely charged ions Ionic bonds are formed between
a cation, which is usually a metal, and an anion, which is usually a nonmetal .
Pure ionic bonding cannot exist: all ionic compounds have some degree of
covalent bonding.
A covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the
sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms , and other covalent bonds. In short,
the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they
share electrons is known as covalent bonding.