WRITING TECHNICAL

PAPERS / REPORTS
What is Technical Papers?
A documents describes the process, progress, or results of technical / scientific
research
Published by authors organization, self-published rarely involve peer review
Technical papers Research papers
DOCUMENTS

Peer
Review
Report Structure & Format

1.Title
2.Abstract
3.Introduction
4.Materials and Method
5.Results and Discussion
6.Conclusion
7.Acknowledgement
8.References
Report Structure & Format

i) Paper Title (Times New Roman 14, Centered)

- Can be long and descriptive
The Effectiveness of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon Citratus) as Natural Insect Repellent
- Or short and catchy
Lemon Grass; The Natural Insect Repellent

Followed by; Authors full name (SV and students)

Department, Name of University, City, Country
Corresponding E-mail : main-author (Times New Roman 10, Centered)
ii) Abstract (Times New Roman 12)

- Summarise the main contents of the paper

- Literature, research problem, main objective, approach and solution,
results and the main contributions of the paper.
- The material in the abstract should not be repeated later word for word in
the paper.
- Not exceed 300 words (Times New Roman 10, Justified)

Followed by; Keyword: (3 5) word, term, phrase

(Times New Roman 10, Italic)
Example Abstract

Abstract

Insect repellents are important tools for prevention of insect-borne diseases as well as painful or Brief background
uncomfortable insect bites. And one of natural insect repellent is the lemon grass (Cymbopogon
citratus). Determining the effectiveness of lemon grass as insect repellent is the main goal of Main objective
the study. Specifically, it intends to apply the Steam Distillation Technique in obtaining the
natural elements and essential oil of lemon grass such as citral and citronella. Using two candies Solution/Method
as observation, one is with extract of lemon grass and the other is without extract of lemon
grass. In fourteen (14) minutes, one candy that without lemon grass, approach by ants but the Brief result
candy with lemon grass is just ignored by ants. The study has found out that lemon grass is an
effective and alternative natural insect repellent. The result of the present study would provide
knowledge and information about lemon grass as insect repellent. Additionally, this study will
Contribution
produce significant and relevant information for future studies regarding to insect repellent.

Keywords: Natural insect repellent, steam distillation technique, lemon grass

iii) 1.0 Introduction (Times New Roman 12)

- Write in 3 4 paragraphs (Times New Roman 11, Justified)

- Identify the subject area of interest, using keywords in the first few sentences.
According to an article of new tech bio, lemon grass is a very popular and used for medicinal,
food and insect repellent products. The lemon grass oils are used in cosmetics, soaps, perfumes, dyes and
odorizes along with thousands of other products.

- Consider the technological trends of the area, recent promising developments and
open problems.
Technically, an insect repellent is any chemical or natural, that causes insects or other
arthropods to make directed, oriented movements away from the source of repellent. Many repellent
products pertaining chemical compound like DEET (N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide) used as active chemical
ingredient in insect repellent, are now turn to all natural ingredients as more and more negative data is
released.

- Hypothesis? briefly state your proposed method.

The study will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of lemon grass as natural insect
repellent and the extraction of lemon grass is through Steam Distillation Technique.
iv) 2.0 Methodology (Times New Roman 12)

Describe the materials and equipment used in the research.

Explain how the samples were gathered, techniques and how the samples were
prepared.
Explain how the measurements were made and what calculations were performed
upon the raw data.
Includes figure / schematic diagrams of experimental setup.
(Times New Roman 11, Justified)
Example Methodology
3.0 Results and Discussions (Times New
Roman 12)
- Represent data collected in table / graph (if any)
- Included figure(s)
- No citation in discussions
- Gives scientific reasons
As the result, in the observation of two candies, one is with lemon
grass and the other is without lemon grass. After fourteen (14)
minutes, the candy without lemon grass are now approaching by the
ants, but the candy with lemon grass still no ants, because of the
lemon grass that repel the ants away.
The plant yields lemon grass oil of commerce after steam distillation of its leaves. And this oil used as insect repellent.
One of the important constituent of the oil is citral (3,7-dimethy-2,6-octadienal) It has strong antimicrobial qualities and
pheromonal effects in insects.

- Do your results provide answers to your hypotheses? If so, how do you interpret your
findings?
- Do your findings agree with what others have shown?
4.0 Conclusion (Times New Roman 12)
- 1 (one) paragraph. (Times New Roman 11, Justified)
- No citation.
- Your topic sentence should summarize what you said in your introduction / statement. This suggests to your
reader that you have accomplished what you set out to accomplish.

Lemon grass oil is an essential oil used in natural insect repellents. The presence of citral in lemon grass oil
can effectively repel insect away from any applied area.

Acknowledgement (optional) (Times New Roman 12)

- If, in your experiment, you received any significant help in thinking up, designing, or carrying out the work,
or received materials from someone who did you a favor by supplying them, you must acknowledge their
assistance and the service or material provided. (Times New Roman 11, Justified)

The authors like to express their appreciation to.

References
- IEEE Format (Times New Roman 10)
Figures and Tables

[Times NR 11] Figure 1: The roses (Images centred on the page)

[Times NR 10]Source: (Rose, 2011)

[Times NR 11]Table 1: Productivity of Various Major Oils Crops (centered on the page)
Oil crop Oil seeds yield, (tha-1yr-1) Oil content Calculated oil yield ,
(%) (tha-1yr-1)
Content Font Size Time NR 10
Palm Oil 19.03 20.1 3.82
Kernel Oil 1.999 45.4 0.45
Cottonseed 1.28 14.7 0.19
Groundnut 1.04 43.2 0.45
Sunflower 1.25 41.2 0.52
Rapeseed 1.75 39.7 0.69

[Times NR 10] Source: (Author, Year)

IMPORTANT!

1. The paper must be submitted in hardcopy, as well

as in MS Word document format to the
Coordinator by Week 12-13 of the academic
calendar.

2. NOT EXCEED six (6) pages and can be written either

in English or Bahasa Malaysia.
THANK YOU