Direct – Current Motor

Characteristics and Applications

• Straight Shunt Motor
– Essentially a constant speed motor

• Compound or Stabilized – Shunt Motors

– Has both shunt and series field windings
– Series field generates mmf in the same
direction as the shunt field mmf.

ECE 441 1
Circuit Diagram of a Compound Motor

ECE 441 2
 Differential Connection of Fields

• Both the series and shunt fields must

provide fluxes that are additive.
• If the series field is reversed with respect
to the shunt field, the net flux decreases,
and the speed increases.
• The time constant of the series field is
such that the current increases faster than
the shunt field current.

ECE 441 3
 Differential Connection of Fields

• If the series field is reversed,

– The motor will start in the wrong direction

– Depending upon the load and the structure of

the series field, the motor could
• slow down and stop, tripping the breaker
• slow down, stop, reverse direction, and accelerate
• slow down, stop, reverse direction, slow down,
stop, reverse direction, etc. until a breaker trips

ECE 441 4
 Reversing the Direction of
Compound Motors

• Reverse either the armature current or

reverse both the series and shunt fields.
– If only one field is reversed, a “differential”
connection results!
– The field mmfs will be reduced, resulting in
excessive speed!

ECE 441 5
Reversing the Armature Current

ECE 441 6
Using NEMA standard
terminal markings

ECE 441 7
 Series Motor

• Series field
– Heavy windings
– Must conduct the armature current
• Potentially dangerous problem if the shaft
load is removed!

ECE 441 8
 Field winding is in
series with the
armature

ECE 441 9
 More Details

• When shaft load is removed, TD>Tload

– Motor speed increases
– cemf increases
– armature current decreases
– series field flux decreases

ECE 441 10
 Reversing the Direction
of a Series Motor
• Reverse the current in the armature-
interpole-compensating branch
• Reverse the current in the series field
windings

ECE 441 11
Reversing the Armature Current

ECE 441 12
Using NMEA standard
Terminal Markings

ECE 441 13
 Using NEMA standard
terminal markings
Reversing the series field

ECE 441 14
 Effect of Magnetic Saturation on
DC Motor Performance
• Pole flux is not directly proportional to the
applied mmf due to magnetic saturation
• Net mmf is made up of the following
components, as applicable
– Fnet = Ff + Fs - Fd
– Fnet = net mmf (A-t/pole)
– Ff = shunt field mmf (NfIf)(A-t/pole)
– Fs = series field mmf (NsIa)(A-t/pole)
– Fd = equivalent demagnetizing mmf due to armature
reaction (A-t)/pole
ECE 441 15
 Effect of Magnetic Saturation on
DC Motor Performance
• Note that Fd is not exactly proportional to
the armature current, but is assumed to
be.
• If a compensating winding is used, Fd = 0.

ECE 441 16
Developed Torque and Speed

TD  B p I a k M
VT  I a Racir
n
 p kG
 p 0

Racir  Ra  RIP  RCW  Rs

ECE 441 17
 Defining Parameters

• Racir = resistance of armature circuit (Ω)

• Ra = resistance of armature windings (Ω )
• RIP = resistance of interpole windings (Ω)
• RCW = resistance of compensating
windings (Ω)
• Rs = resistance of series field winding (Ω)
• Bp = air-gap flux density (T)
• Φp = pole flux (Wb)

ECE 441 18
Solve Problems with Proportions
TD1 [ B p I a ]1

TD 2 [ B p I a ]2
VT  I a Racir 
 
n1   p kG 1
 ,  0
n2 VT  I a Racir 
 
  k
p G  2

 p  Bp  A
n1 VT  I a Racir   Bp 
   
n2  Bp V 
1  T a acir  2
I R
ECE 441 19
 Example 11.1

• A 240-V, 40-hp, 1150 r/min stabilized-

shunt motor, operating at rated conditions,
has an efficiency at rated load of 90.2%.
The motor parameters are
• Ra = 0.0680 Ω RIP = 0.0198 Ω
Rs = 0.00911 Ω Rshunt = 99.5 Ω
• Turns/pole series - ½ shunt - 1231

ECE 441 20
 Example 11.1 (continued)

• The circuit diagram and magnetization

curve are shown on the next slide.
Determine (a) the armature current when
operating at rated conditions; (b) the
resistance and power rating of an external
resistance required in series with the shunt
field in order to operate at 125% rated
speed. Assume the shaft load is adjusted
to a value that limits armature current to
115% of rated current.
ECE 441 21
ECE 441 22
Solution for Armature Current

P 40  746
P  VT IT  IT  
VT 0.902  240
IT  137.84 A
VT 240
If    2.4121A
R f 99.5
I a  IT  I f  137.84  2.41  135.43 A

ECE 441 23
 Solution for External Resistance

• The series field of a compound motor is

designed to be approximately equal and
opposite to the equivalent demagnetizing
mmf of armature reaction. Therefore, the
net flux is due to the shunt field alone.

Fnet  Ff  N f I f  1231 2.412  2969.2 A  t / pole

ECE 441 24
net mmf = 0.70 T

ECE 441 25
Racir  Ra  RIP  Rs
Racir  0.0680  0.0198  0.0091  0.0969
n1 VT  I a Racir   Bp 
   
n2  Bp V 
1  T a acir  2
I R
n1 [VT  I a Racir ]2
B p 2  B p1  
n2 [VT  I a Racir ]1
1150 240  1.15  135.43  0.0969
Bp 2  0.70  
1.25 1150 240  135.43  0.0969
Bp 2  0.56T

ECE 441 26
 Ff = 2.3 X 1000 = 2300 A-t/pole

ECE 441 27
 Ff 2300
Ff  N f I f  I f  
N f 1231
I f  1.87 A
VT VT
If   Rx   Rf
R f  Rx Rf
240
Rx   99.5  28.8
187
PRx  I 2f Rx  (1.87) 2  28.8  100.7W

ECE 441 28
 Linear Approximations

• If the magnetization curve is not available

– rough approximation obtained by assuming
magnetization effects are negligible
– Do not use approximations if the motor is
operating under heavy overload or locked
rotor conditions.
• If the net mmf is to be reduced below its
rated value, approximation using the linear
assumption is OK.
ECE 441 29
 Approximate Equations for
Torque and Speed
TD1 [ B p I a ]1 [Fnet I a ]1
 
TD 2 [ B p I a ]2 [Fnet I a ]2
n1 VT  I a Racir   Bp 
    
n2  Bp 1 VT  I a Racir  2
n1 VT  I a Racir   Fnet 
    ,  0
n2  Fnet 1 VT  I a Racir  2

ECE 441 30
 For the Series Motor
If the range of operation is in the unsaturated
region, and armature reaction effects are
either negligible or compensated for,

TD1 [Fnet I a ]1
  TD, series  Fnet I a  N s I a
TD 2 [Fnet I a ]2
TD, series  I 2
a

The developed torque is proportional to the

square of the armature current.
ECE 441 31
 Example 11.2

• Example 11.1 is re-solved using the linear

approximation, and the solution is
compared to the results obtained in
Example 11.1.

ECE 441 32
 VT 240
I f1    2.412 A
R f 99.5
I a1  IT  I f  137.84  2.412  135.43 A
Fnet  Ff  N f I f  1231 2.412  2969.2 A  t / pole
n1 VT  I a Racir   Fnet 
   
n2  Fnet 
1  T a acir  2
V I R
n1 [VT  I a Racir ]2
Fnet 2  Fnet1  
n2 [VT  I a Racir ]1
1150 240  1.15 135.43  0.0969
Fnet 2  2969.2  
1.25 1150 240  135.43  0.0969
Fnet 2  2354.8 A  t / pole

ECE 441 33
 Fnet 2354.8
If    1.91A
Nf 1231
VT VT
If   Rx   Rf
R f  Rx If
240
Rx   99.5  26.15
1.91

From Example 11.1, the value of resistance was

determined to be 28.8 Ω

ECE 441 34
 Calculate the Percent Error

Ractual  Rapprox
%error  100%
Ractual
28.8  26.15
%error  100%
28.8
%error  9.2%

This lower value of resistance would cause

a slightly higher field current, and therefore,
a speed slightly lower than 1437.5 r/min.

ECE 441 35
 Comparison of Steady – State
Operating Characteristics of DC Motors
• The steady-state operating characteristics
of typical shunt, compound, and series
motors of the same torque and speed
ratings are shown on the next slide.

ECE 441 36
ECE 441 37
 Comparisons (continued)

• Shunt Motor
– relatively constant speed from no-load to
full-load
– does not have high starting torque
– essentially constant flux
– torque varies linearly with armature current
– speed regulation around 5%

ECE 441 38
 Relatively
Constant Speed

Linear Torque

ECE 441 39
 Comparisons (continued)

• Compound Motor
– Higher torque, lower speed than shunt motor
– speed regulation between 15 and 25%
– used with loads requiring high starting torques
or have pulsating loads
• smoothes out the energy required by the pulsating
load, lowering the demand on the electrical supply

ECE 441 40
 Lower Speed at
Higher Torque

Higher Torque
above base speed
than Shunt motor

ECE 441 41
 Comparisons (continued)

• Series Motor
– high starting torque
– wide speed range
– REMOVING THE LOAD CAUSES IT TO RUN
AWAY!
• CONNECT LOAD BY GEARS OR SOLID
COUPLING – NO BELT DRIVES!

ECE 441 42
 Wide Speed Range

High Starting Torque

ECE 441 43
 Dynamic Braking, Plugging,
and Jogging

• Dynamic Braking is the deceleration of the

motor by converting the energy stored in
the moving masses into electrical energy
and dissipating it as heat via resistors.
Also called resistive braking.

ECE 441 44
 Dynamic Braking (continued)

• Disconnect the armature from the

electrical supply lines and connect across
a suitable resistor while maintaining the
field at full strength.
• The motor behaves as a generator,
feeding current to the resistor, dissipating
heat.

ECE 441 45
 Dynamic Braking (continued)

• Choose the resistance for current between

150 and 300% of rated current.
• The armature current is in a direction to
oppose the armature motion, producing a
negative, or, counter-torque, slowing down
the load.

ECE 441 46
 Compound Motor Example

Normal Operation

Dynamic Braking

ECE 441 47
Normal Operation
Closed

Open

ECE 441 48
Dynamic - Braking

Open

Closed

ECE 441 49
 Regenerative Braking

• Convert energy of overhauling loads into

electrical energy and pumps it back into
the electrical system.
• The overhauling load drives a DC motor
faster than normal, causing the cemf to
become greater than the supply voltage
and results in generator action.
• Trains, elevators, hybrid automobiles

ECE 441 50
 Plugging

• The electrical reversal of a motor before it

stops
• Reverse the voltage applied to the
armature
• Current in the series and shunt fields is not
reversed
• Insert resistance in series with the
armature to limit the current
ECE 441 51
Normal Operation

ECE 441 52
Plugging

ECE 441 53
 Jogging

• Very brief application of power to a motor

• Fraction of a revolution
• Used for positioning the load
• Place resistance in series with the
armature to limit the current

ECE 441 54
 Example 11.7

• A 240-V, compensated shunt motor driving a 910

lb-ft torque load is running at 1150 r/min. The
efficiency of the motor at this load is 94.0%. The
combined armature, compensating winding, and
interpole resistance is 0.00707Ω, and the
resistance of the shunt field is 52.6Ω. Determine
the resistance of a dynamic-braking resistor that
will be capable of developing 500 lb-ft of braking
torque at a speed of 1000 r/min. Assume
windage and friction at 1000r/min are essentially
the same as at 1150 r/min.
ECE 441 55
Circuit for Dynamic Braking

ECE 441 56
 T  n 910 1150
Pshaft    199.257hp
5252 5252
Pshaft 199.257  746
Pin    158134W
 0.940
158134
Pin  VT IT  IT   658.89 A
240
VT 240
If    4.56 A
R f 52.6
I a  IT  I f  658.89  4.56  654.33 A
VT  Ea1  I a1 Racir  Ea1  240  654.33  0.00707
Ea1  235.37V
ECE 441 57
T1 [ B p I a ]1 I a1 I T
   I a 2  a1 2
T2 [ B p I a ]2 I a 2 T1
654.33  500
Ia2   359.52 A
910
Ea1 [n p kG ]1 n1 n2
   Ea 2  Ea1
Ea 2 [n p kG ]2 n2 n1
1000
Ea 2   235.37  204.67V
1150
Ea 2  I a 2 Racir
Ea 2  I a 2 ( Racir  RDB )  RDB 
Ia2
204.67  359.52  0.00707
RDB   0.562
359.52
RDB  0.562
ECE 441 58