I am a dedicated Teacher that was

named by my parent as:

NORZANAH ROSMIN
norzanah@fke.utm.my
019-7100453
Contents of Week 12-13

Chapter 4
(Magnetic Circuit)

1- Magnetic Circuit
2- Series Magnetic Circuit
3- Parallel Magnetic circuit
4- Analysis & Examples
– 2 meter watt
ConcepTest on
Chapter 4

Magnetic Circuit
ConcepTest on Chapter 4 Follow-up 1: Which one is the
Magnetic Circuit series magnetic circuit?
(i) (ii) (iii)
There are 3 types of magnetic
l
c

 2
circuit, namely as series, i
i

N lg N 
parallel and combination
between series and parallel
(composite) magnetic circuit. (iv) (v) (vi)

If the magnetic circuit has 2 or i

iron steel

N
more different material in one cobalt

flux path, what is the type of

this circuit? A) i, iv B) ii, v C) iii, iv

D) i,ii,iv E) ii,iv,v F) all

A) Series
Follow-up 2: So, how about (iii) & (vi)?
B) Parallel
(iii) Parallel magnetic circuit
C) Series + Parallel (vi) Composite magnetic circuit
ConcepTest on Chapter 4
Magnetic Circuit
Can you guess what is the
definition of parallel magnetic
circuit?
Follow-up 1: Now, can you guess
what is the definition of composite
magnetic circuit ?
The combination of Series and
Parallel magnetic circuit

A) The magnetic circuit with

different flux path
 2
i
B) The magnetic circuit with
reluctances that connected N 
in parallel

C) A and B
ConcepTest on Chapter 4
Magnetic Circuit
Which electrical analogy representing
the magnetic diagram below?
l
c
Follow-up 1: Do you know how to
draw the electrical circuit analogy
based on the magnetic diagram?
(1) Electrical (2) The core type is just
source 1 type. So, we name it as

= mmf= F core Reluctance, Score.

i

N lg

lc

i Since the
N lg core and
A B the airgap
are in
series
connection
, they
share the
same Flux.

C D

(3)Then, between the magnetic surfaces at

the right limb, there is an air gap. So,
another reluctance involved is Sairgap.
 Do you know what is Reluctance?

ConcepTest on Chapter 4
Magnetic Circuit

Which one is WRONG about Reluctance?

A) Reluctance can be analogized as Resistance in

electric circuit

B) Reluctance is a measure of the opposition the

magnetic circuit offers to the flux

C) The unit of reluctance is the

Ampere per Weber (A/Wb)

D) The reluctance of a magnetic circuit is not related to

its length, cross sectional area, and permeability.
ConcepTest on Chapter 4
Magnetic Circuit
Which electrical analogy representing
the magnetic diagram below?
Follow-up 1: Do you know how to
draw the electrical circuit analogy
based on the magnetic diagram?
(1) Electrical (2) There are 3 core
source types. First type is iron.
= mmf= F o, we name it as Siron.

A B (4) Type 3:
Ssteel

(3) Type 2:
Scobalt

C D
ConcepTest on Chapter 4
Magnetic Circuit
Which electrical analogy representing
this parallel magnetic diagram below?
Follow-up 1: Do you know how to
draw the electrical circuit analogy
based on this magnetic diagram?

 2
i

N 

A B
(1) Determine how many limbs? 3
(2) What are the limbs?

Limb 1: abcd
C D
Limb 2: afed
Limb 3: ad
(3) Replace each limb
with Reluctance analogy Sc1,Sc2,Sc3
 Follow-up 2: Do you know how to draw the electrical circuit
analogy based on the parallel magnetic diagram?

Limb 1: abcd: Sc1

Limb 2: afed : Sc2
Limb 3: ad : Sc3

(1) Electrical (2) Reluctance (3) Reluctance (4) Reluctance

source core 1 series with core 3, S3. parallel core 2, S2.
= mmf = F F, S1. with (F and S1) parallel with S3
ConcepTest Summary 1

There are 3 types of magnetic circuit:

(1) Series (2) Parallel

(3) Composite
 ConcepTest on
Chapter 4

Equations in Series
Magnetic Circuit
ConcepTest on Chapter 4 A
Magnetic Circuit S total  S1  S 2  S 3
If this series magnetic core is S total  l abcd  r Acore  l agf  r Acore  l def  r Acore
made from 3 different parts, which
B
one is correct about the way how
S total  S1  S 2  S 3
we can calculate the reluctance?
l l agf l def
S total  abcd  
 r Acore  r Acore  r Acore

C
S total  S1  S 2  S 3
S total  l abcd  r  o Acore  l agf  r  o Acore  l def  r  o Acore

D
S total  S1  S 2  S 3
l abcd l agf l def
S total   
 r  o Acore  r  o Acore  r  o Acore

𝒍
Summary 1: Reluctance, 𝐒 =
𝝁𝒓 𝝁𝒐 𝑨
where 𝒍 = length of the each path
A = core area
 ConcepTest on Chapter 4
Magnetic Circuit Summary:
𝒍
Reluctance, 𝐒 =
There are other ways how to 𝝁𝒓 𝝁𝒐 𝑨

calculate the reluctance, which F

relating with the magnetic flux, 
S1  S 2  S 3
using equation in A, B C and D,
EXCEPT? Hl

S1  S 2  S 3
Limb 1: abcd: Sc1
Limb 2: afed : Sc2 l
Limb 3: ad : Sc3 Ni

S1  S 2  S 3
where
𝒍 = length of the each path
A F B Hl A = core area
   = Flux
S1  S 2  S 3 S1  S 2  S 3
F = m.m.f
H = Magnetic intensity or
Ni Bl
C   D   magnetic strength
S1  S 2  S 3 S1  S 2  S 3 l= length
ConcepTest on Chapter 4
Magnetic Circuit (A) 5488230.78 x 106
(B) 6896714.2
Calculate the total reluctance for (C) 4.2217156 x 106
this circuit, if the relative (D) 5305164.769
permeability of the core is 30000
and the square area of the core is Answer steps:
0.1cmx0.1cm. 𝒍
Reluctance, 𝐒 =
𝝁 𝒓 𝝁𝒐 𝑨
where

𝒍 = (5+2) x2 + 6x2 = 14+ 12 = 26 cm

= 26 x 10-2 m

A = 0.1x 0.1 x10-4 m2 = 1x10-6 m2

Sa 𝝁�𝒓 = 30000 , 𝝁�o = 4 x 10-7
 𝒍
Sb
+ Reluctance, 𝐒 =
F
𝝁𝒓 𝝁 𝒐 𝑨
- 26 x 10−2
S = =
Sc 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎( 4 x 10−7 )(1x10−6)
6896714.2
 ConcepTest on Chapter 4 Answer steps:
Magnetic Circuit
In series circuit, the flux in the core is equal
Calculate the current i if the flux with the flux in the air gap. So
flows in the core is 0.02mWb. The airgap  core. mmf  NI  Hl
core length of the core lc is equal core.  Bcore . Acore NI  H core lcore  H airgap l airgap

to 100 mm and the air gap length

lc  100 x10 3 m H core  ?
is 0.1mm. N=1000 H airgap  ?
l airgap  0.1x10 3 m

B
B  H ...........H 
 Bo  ?
H airgap  H o 
Bo  airgap. 0.02 x10 3
o Bo  .  0.5T
Aairgap 40 x10 6

Bo 0.5
Ho    397887.36 At / m
o 4x10 7

H core  350 At / m Directly gathered from the Table,

when Bcore= 0.5T, Hcore= 350 At/m
H(At/m) 20 80 350 480 800 1000
H c lc  H airgap l airgap
I
N
B(Tesla) 0.1 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25
(350 x100 x10 3 )  (397887.36 x0.1x10 3 )
I  0.0748 A
1000
 ConcepTest on
Chapter 4

Equations in Parallel
Magnetic Circuit
  
Can you draw the

i
magnetic circuit for this
N magnetic diagram? Can
you write the magnetic
equation involved?

 
 Kirchoff Laws :
S3  3  1   2
S1 1
+
2 S2 loop 1: NI  H 3l3  H1l `
F loop 2 : NI  H 3l3  H 2 l 2
-
   Can you draw the

magnetic circuit for this
i magnetic diagram? Can
N you write the magnetic
equation involved?

 
Sg Kirchoff Laws :

S1  3  1   2
1 S3 2 S2
+ loop 1: NI  H 3l3  H1l `
F
- loop 2 : NI  H 3l3  H 2 l 2
 Final Exam Previous
Example on Chapter 4

Analysis on Series
Magnetic Circuit
 Solution:
1) In series circuit, the flux in the core is
equal with the flux in the air gap. So
airgap  core. Bcore  core. . Acore
Bcore  core. . Acore   airgap. . Acore
 airgap  Bairgap . Aairgap  3 x10 5.(40 x10 6 )
 airgap  0.75(40 x10 6 )  0.75Wb

 airgap  3x10 5 Wb
Question 1 2) The intensity in the core and the airgap is
different due to different permeability, μ.
H(At/m) 20 80 350 480 800 1000
B  airgap   o  4x10 7
B  H ...........H 
  core   o  r
Bo 0.75
B(Tesla) 0.1 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 H airgap  H o    596.831x10 3 At / m
o 4x10 7

H core  480 At / m Directly gathered from the Table,

If the flux density in the air gap is when Bcore= 0.75T, Hcore= 480 At/m
0.75T, and core a and b was made 3) mmf=NI=Hl
from similar type, find: lc  (60  50) x10 3
mmf  NI  Hl
1) Flux density in the core a and b. lc  110 x10 3 m
NI  H core lcore  H airgap l airgap
l airgap  0.4 x10 3 m
2) The magnetic intensity in the core
a,b, and airgap. H c lc  H airgap l airgap
I
N
3) The produced current
(480 x110 x10 3 )  (596831x0.4 x10 3 )
I  0.0583 A
5000
 Solution:
𝚽=BxA
Question 2 = 0.3 x 1.5 x 10-4
= 0.45 x 10-4 Wb
A magnetic circuit comprises three parts
in series , each of uniform cross-sectional F=ФxS
area, A. They are: = Ф x l / (µo µr A)

Fa = Ф x Sa
(a) a length of 80 mm and A = 50 mm2 = 44.1 Ampere-Turn
(b) a length of 60 mm and A = 90 mm2
Fb = Ф x Sb
(c) an air gap of length 0.5 mm and A = = 18.4 Ampere-Turn
150 mm2
Fc = Ф x Sc
A coil of 4000 turns is wound on part (b) = 119.3 Ampere-Turn
and the flux density, B in the air gap is 0.3 FTotal = Fa + Fb + Fc
T. Assuming that all the flux passes
through the given circuit, and the relative = 181.8 Ampere-Turn
permeability,  r is 1300, estimate the coil I = FTotal / N
current, I to produce such a flux density. = 45.4 x 10-3 Ampere