OHM’S LAW

THE TEMPERATURE REMAINING CONSTANT THE

CURRENT FLOWING IN THE CIRCUIT IS DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO THE APPLIED VOLTAGE AND
INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO ITS RESISTANCE.

V=IXR

I = V/R

R = V/I
 POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
IT IS THE AMOUNT OF THE WORK DONE IN
BRINGING ONE UNIT OF POSITIVE CHARGE
FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER IN THE
ELECTRIC FIELD.

THE VOLTAGE RATING IS MEASURE OF

PRESSURE.

THE AMOUNT OF PUSH BEHIND ELECTRIC

CURRENT (EMF).
 AMPERE

THE RATE OF FLOW OF ELECTRON EQUAL TO

ONE COULOMB PER SECOND.
 RESISTANCE
OPPOSITION OFFERED BY A MATERIAL TO THE
FLOW OF ELECTRON.

THE UNIT OF ELECTRO MOTIVE FORCE IS VOLT.

THE UNIT OF CURRENT IS AMPERE.

THE UNIT OF RESISTANCE IS OHMS.

1000 OHMS = 1 KILO OHMS

1 AMPERE = 1000 MILI AMPERE
1 MICRO VOLT = 1/1 000 000 VOLT
 FUSE

IT IS CURRENT RATED.

IT IS INSERTED BETWEEN ELECTRICAL SUPPLY AND

EQUIPMENT TO PROTECT IT FROM GETTING DAMAGED.

IF CURRENT FLOW IN THE CIRCUITS EXCEEDS THE

RATING. IF EQUIPMENT NEEDS 500 M A FUSE ( ½ A) IS
INSERTED.

CIRCUITS BREAKER ARE ALSO USED AS PROTECTION

FROM OVER LOADS. IF CURRENT INCREASES, IT JUMPS
AND BREAKS THE CIRCUIT.
 ELECTRIC POWER (WATT)
WHENEVER ELECTRIC CURRENT FLOWS WORK IS DONE
IN MOVING THE ELECTRONS THROUGH THE
CONDUCTOR.

THE RATE AT WHICH THE WORK IS DONE IS CALLED

POWER. THE BASIC UNIT OF POWER IS WATT.

P=VXI
OR
P=IXIXR

1000 WATT = 1 KILO WATT ( ONE UNIT OF ELECTRICITY IS

1 KW HR )
ONE HORSE POWER = 746 WATTS. ( ENERGY REQUIRED
TO LIFT 33000 POUNDS OF WEIGHT TO 1 FEET OF HEIGHT
AND KEEP IT THERE FOR 1 MIN.
JOULE: UNIT OF WORK. ENERGY SPENT
IN ONE SECOND BY AN AMPERE FLOWING
THROUGH ONE OHM.

ENERGY: THE STRENGTH OR

CAPACITY REQUIRED TO DO WORK.
POWER MEASURED OVER A TIME (KW HR)
RESISTANCE COLOUR CODE

B BLACK = 0
B BROWN = 1
R RED = 2
O ORANGE = 3
Y YELLOW = 4
G GREEN = 5
B BLUE = 6
V VOILET = 7
G GREY = 8
W WHITE = 9

B B ROY GREAT BRITAIN VERY GOOD WIFE

FIRST AND SECOND COLOUR ARE DIGITS.
THIRD COLOUR IS NO OF ZEROS
FOURTH COLOUR IS TOLERANCE
RESISTANCE COLOUR CODE

B BLACK = 0 B BROWN = 1
R RED = 2 O ORANGE = 3
Y YELLOW = 4 G GREEN = 5
B BLUE = 6 V VOILET = 7
G GREY = 8 W WHITE = 9

FOURTH COLOUR IS TOLERANCE

GOLD = 5% SILVER = 10% NO COLOUR = 20%
31 OHMS= FIRST COLOUR WILL BE ORANGE
SECOND COLOUR WILL BE BROWN
THIRD COLOUR WILL BE BLACK
RESISTANCE COLOUR CODE

B BLACK = 0 B BROWN = 1
R RED = 2 O ORANGE = 3
Y YELLOW = 4 G GREEN = 5
B BLUE = 6 V VOILET = 7
G GREY = 8 W WHITE = 9

520 OHMS= FIRST COLOUR WILL BE GREEN

SECOND COLOUR WILL BE RED
THIRD COLOUR WILL BE BROWN
 RESISTANCDE IN SERIES

R = R1 + R2 + R3

RESISTANCDE IN PARALLEL

1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

IF R1 = 20 OHMS
R2 = 30 OHMS
R1 = 40 OHMS

IN SERIES
R = R1 + R2 + R3
R = 20 + 30 + 40 = 90 OHMS

IN PARALLEL
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/R = 1/20 + 1/30 + 1/40 = 6/120 + 4/120 + 3/120 =
13/120
R = 120/13 = 9 OHMS APPROX
IF R1 = 20 OHMS
R2 = 30 OHMS
R1 = 40 OHMS

IN SERIES
R = R1 + R2 + R3
R = 20 + 30 + 40 = 90 OHMS

IN PARALLEL
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/R = 1/20 + 1/30 + 1/40 = 6/120 + 4/120 + 3/120 =
13/120
R = 120/13 = 9 OHMS APPROX
 KIRCHHOFF’S FIRST LAW

THE TOTAL CURRENT ENTERING THE CUIRCUIT

(FLOWING TOWARDS) IS EQUAL TO THE TOTAL CURRENT
LEAVING THE CUIRCUIT.

KIRCHHOFF’S SECOND LAW

THE TOTAL VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS THE RESISTANCE OF

A CLOSED CIRCUIT IS EQUAL TO THE TOTAL VOLTAGE
APPLIED TO THE CIRCUIT.
 CELLS : PRIMARY
 DRY CELLS ARE KNOWN AS PRIMARY CELLS
 VOLTAGE IS 1.5 VOLT (ONE TIME USE TYPE)
 CARBON ROD IS +VE
 CONTAINER IS ZINC –VE
 AMMONIUM CHLORIDE IS ELECTROLYTE
 RATED IN AMPERE HOUR (AH) 5 AH MEANS 1 AMP
LOAD FOR 5 HOURS OR 5 AMP LOAD FOR 1 HOUR
 OUTPUT IS DC
 BATTERIES ARE COLLECTION OF CELLS EITHER IN
PARALLEL OR SERIAL
 CELLS : SECONDARY LEAD ACID

 DRY CELLS ARE KNOWN AS PRIMARY CELLS

 VOLTAGE IS 2 VOLT
 LEAD PEROXIDE IS +VE
 LEAD OXIDE IS –VE
 DILUTED SULPHURIC ACID IS ELECTROLYTE
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY WHEN 1.25 TO 1.35
 TOPPING UP IS DONE BY DISTILLED WATER
 RATED IN AMPERE HOUR (AH) 75 AH MEANS 1 AMP
LOAD FOR 75 HR OR 15 AMP LOAD FOR 5 HR
OUTPUT IS DC
 SECONDARY LEAD ACID

 DISCHARGE TAKES PLACE IF KEPT UNUSED, IF

DISCHARGED / CHARGED AT HIGHER LEVEL OR IF
OVERCHARGED
 BOTH VOLTAGE AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY IS
CHECKED FOR DETERMINING IF A BATTERY IS
DISCHARGED. SPECIFIC GRAVITY FALLS TO 1.17
(MEASURED BY HYDROMETER)
 NICKEL CADMIUM CELLS

 NICKEL HYDROXIDE IS +VE, CADMIUM IS +VE

AND POTTASIUM HYDROXIDE IS CONDUCTOR
 GIVES 1.2 VOLT UNDER VARYING LOAD
 RUGGED, NON SPILLABLE, NOT DAMAGED IF
UNUSED FOR A LONG TIME OR OVER
DISCHARGED OR CHARGE
 USED IN AIRCRAFT
 SERIES IN PARALLEL AND SERIES

 SERIES : VOLTAGE ADDS UP CURRENT

REMAINS THE SAME
 PARALLEL : CURRENT ADDS UP VOLTAGE
REMAINS THE SAME
 INVERTOR

 AN INVERTOR IS AN ELECTRONIC DIVICE TO

CONVERT DC TO AC
 BATTERY POWER IS USED FOR EMERGENCY
SUPPLY
 BATTERY OUTPUT WHICH IS DC IS CONNECTED
TO INVERTOR. THE OUTPUT IS FED TO
EQUIPMENTS
 INDUCTOR

 A COIL OF WIRE USED TO SUPPLY INDUCTANCE

IN THE CIRCUIT.
 VOLTAGE WHICH IS GENERATED IS CALLED
INDUCED EMF
 INDUCED EMF OPPOSES ANY CHANGE IN THE
CURRENT WHICH INDUCED IT.
 UNIT IS HENRIES AND SYMBOL IS L
 SERIES : L = L1 + L2 + L3
 PARALLEL : L = 1/L1 + 1/L2 + 1/L3
 CAPACITOR

 TWO CONDUCTING PLATE SEPERATED BY

INSULATING MATERIAL (DIEELECTRIC)
CONSTITUTES A CAPACITOR
 AC WILL FLOW NOT DC
 UNIT IS FARAD
 SERIES : 1/ C = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3
 PARALLEL : C = C1 + C2 + C3
 IN VARIABLE AIR CAPACITOR AIR IS DIELECTRIC
 F = 1 / 2R UNDER ROOT LC
 TRANSFORMER

 TRANSFORMER IS A DEVICE USED IN AN AC

CIRCUIT EITHER IN TO STEP UP OR STEP DOWN
THE VOLTAGE
 FOR CHANGING VOLTAGE IN DC CIRCUIT CELLS
HAVE TO BE CONNECTED IN SERIES AND IN
PARALLEL
 DUE TO THE EASE WITH WHICH AC VOLTAGE CAN
BE CHANGED, AC IS BEING ALL OVER THE WORLD
 50 HZ IS USED IN DOMESTIC SUPPLY TO PREVENT
LINE LOSSES AND 400 HZ IS USED IN AIRCRAFT
TO REDUCE THE SIZE OF TRANSFORMER /CHOKES
 GENERATORS / MOTORS

 GENERATOR IS A MACHINE WHICH CONVERTS

MECHANICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
IS CALLED GENERATOR
 A GENERATOR DESIGNED TO PRODUCE AC IS
CALLED AC GENERATOR OR ALTERNATOR
 A GENERATOR DESIGNED TO PRODUCE DC IS
CALLED AC GENERATOR
 COMMUTATOR IS USED TO CONVERT DC TO AC
 MOTOR IS A MACHINE WHICH CONVERTS
ELECTRICAL ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY
IS CALLED GENERATOR