SWELLING STUDY OF BENTONITE

CLAY: APPLICATION IN PETROLEUM

INDUSTRY

Guided By, Prepared By,

Dr. Uttam K. Bhui Archit Desai
(13MPE05)

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 Flow of Presentation
Objective
Motive Behind the Project
Swelling Study
X-Ray Diffractometer
Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy
Zeta Potential
Conclusion

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 Objective

To determine the swelling nature of Bentonite in presence of different

saline solution of different concentration.

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 Motive Behind the Project
Sedimentary rocks make up 5% of the earth's crust and cover 80% of surface about
which clay minerals consist 16%.

Clay swelling causes 75% of drilling problem like bit balling, stuck pipe etc.

Clay swells adversely affect on production performance of hydrocarbon reservoirs.

Clay distribution separating brine which help in creates a pressure difference for
water drive.

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 When clay comes in contact with liquid, its volume expanse due to ion
exchange between clay and liquid which expanses interlayer spacing
between two layers of clay.

Figure 1: Tetrahedral sheet (Holtz, 2010)

Figure 2: Octahedral sheet Figure 3: Bentonite 2:1 structure

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 Materials & Methods
Solid: Bentonite Powder

Liquid: NaCl and CaCl2

solution

Characterization and
Study of Swelling with
two methods:
Figure 4: Bentonite Clay in Powder Form
1.) XRD
2.) FTIR
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 X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD)
 It is based on the interference phenomena
between crystal structures and x-rays.
 It follows,

nλ =2d sinθ

Operated Conditions:
 Scan ranges from 5º to 50º 2Ɵ
 Step size change 0.02º.
 Cu radiation (wavelength λ= 1.540598 Å)
 40 kV and 40mA
Figure 5: X-Ray Diffractometer
Setup
(Department of Solar, PDPU) 7
 Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR)
Spectroscopy
 The resultant absorption or
transmission spectrum from the
bond natural vibration frequencies
indicates the presence of varied
chemical bonds and functional
groups in the sample.
Figure 6: Fourier Transform InfraRed
Setup (Chemistry Lab, PDPU)
 The range of Infrared region is
400-4000 cm-1. 8
 Characterization Of Bentonite

Figure 7: XRD Spectra of Untreated Bentonite Figure 8: FTIR Spectra of Untreated Bentonite
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 Swelling Study

Figure 9: Volume Change in Bentonite Clay in Different Saline Water

Swelling Study Materials:
 5gms Of Bentonite
 2, 4, 6, and 8% by Wt. of NaCl and CaCl2 in distilled water.
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 Swelling Study Result
Table 1: Swelling behavior of Bentonite with the different Saline Solution
Time (sec) Volume of Time (sec)
Volume of
Bentonite Bentonite + Bentonite + Bentonite + Clay + Bentonite + Bentonite + Bentonite + Bentonite +
Clay +
+ 6%NaCl 4%NaCl 2% NaCl Solution (ml) 8% CaCl2 6% CaCl2 4% CaCl2 2% CaCl2
solution (ml)
8%NaCl
60 0 0 0 0
60 0 0 0 0
50 46 48 56 58
50 9 8 24 86
40 110 112 119 118
40 36 36 46 161
30 152 140 159 162
30 58 59 65
425 25 196 208 222 227

25 108 116 - 20
148 243 258 332 334
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 XRD Comparison Result

Figure 9: XRD spectra comparison of untreated bentonite, treated with lower and a
higher concentration solution
Untreated Bentonite + 2% Bentonite + 8% Untreated Bentonite + 2% Bentonite + 8%
bentonite NaCl NaCl bentonite CaCl2 CaCl2
d-spacing (nm) d-spacing (nm) d-spacing (nm) d-spacing (nm) d-spacing(nm) d-spacing (nm)
4.46324 4.46779 4.45893 4.46324 4.46319 4.46336
3.02664 3.02751 3.02565 3.02664 3.13239 3.029
2.89721 2.89947 2.89661 2.89721 3.0091 2.89846 12
 FTIR Comparison Result
Table 2: FTIR spectra wavenumber comparison between treated bentonite, treated
bentonite with NaCl & CaCl2 solution
Wavenumber Wavenumber of treated bentonite with Wavenumber Wavenumber of treated bentonite with
of Untreated different NaCl solution of Untreated different CaCl2 solution
bentonite bentonite

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8%

3620.51 3619.26 3619.55 3620.67 3620.64 3620.51 3620.57 3621.47 3620.53 3620.64

1642.07 1642.71 1642.16 1642.09 1642.04 1642.07 1642 1642.02 1641.91 1642.09

1005.37 1006.18 1006.2 1005.45 1005.17 1005.37 1005.72 1005.92 1005.41 1005.41

912.08 912.4 912.58 912.70 912.14 912.08 912.14 912.19 912.06 912.09

692.3 691.5 691.7 692.25 694.9 692.3 692.15 692.03 692.4 692.45

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 ZETA POTENTIAL
 Zeta potential gives information
about repulsion force between
particle which helps in
characterize stability of Solution.

 It follows,
4𝜋𝜇 𝑣
℥= ×𝑉 ×300×300×1000
𝜀 ൗ𝐿

 Zeta potential conditions:

Figure 10: Zeta Potential Setup (Shah – • Temperature = 25 ºC
Schulman Center for Surface Science and
Nanotechnology, DDU) 14
 Zeta Potential Result
Table 3: Zeta potential value of different concentrated saline solution
Treated bentonite Zeta Potential Treated bentonite Zeta Potential
with NaCl (By (meV) With CaCl2 (By (meV)
Wt.%) solution Wt.%) solution

2% -47.4 2% -17.8
4% -43.2 4% -16.5
6% -37.9 6% -13.9
8% -37.6 8% -12.4

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 Conclusion
Swelling Zeta
XRD FTIR
Study Potential
NaCl CaCl2 NaCl CaCl2 NaCl CaCl2 NaCl CaCl2
solution Solution solution solution solution Solution: solution Solution:

Low Any Low Low Low

Any Low Concn: Any Concn: Concn: Concn:
Concn: Concn: Concn:
Concn: Wavenumber No more more
swelling No D-spacing repulsion repulsion
Minute Increase Wavenumber
occurs Swelling increase force force
d-spacing Change
High change High
High High Concn: High
Concn: Concn:
Concn: No No Concn: less
minute
Swelling Wavenumber less repulsion
Change in
occurs Change repulsion force
d-spacing
force

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 Acknowledgement
Thanks to mentor Dr. Uttam K. Bhui for their guidance.
My gratitude to Dr. Anirbid Sircar and SPT faculties for allowance to
perform practical work.
In addition, I also thanks to Dr. Indrajit Mukhopadhyay, Dr. Rajib
Bandopadhyay and Dr. Vasudev to help regarding practical work.
I also thankful to Dr. Manish Mishra and his colleague.
Office of Research and Sponsored Programs for helping me financially.
At the end, my thanks and gratitude also goes to my colleague and parents
who have willingly helped me out with their abilities in developing the
project.
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Thank You

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 References
• Al-ani, T. & Sarapaa, O. (2008) “Clay and Clay Mineralogy- Physical –
Chemical Properties and Industrial Uses”, Geologian Tutkuskeskus, pp 1-94.
• Holtz, R. & Kovacs, W. (2010) At introduction to geotechnical Engineering,
prentice hall, USA.
• Holter, K. (2012) “Simulation of Low Salinity Waterflooding in a Synthetic
Reservoir Model & Froy Field Reservoir Model” Earth Sciences and
Petroleum Engineering, NTNU, pp 1-17.
• Saikia, B. (2010) “Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic
Characterization of Kaolinite from Assam and Meghalaya, Northeastern
India” presented at National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, pp
1-5.

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