INTRODUCTION TO

CHEMISTRY

Umi Kulsum and Sri Sugiarti

SMA Negeri I Probolinggo
Supervised by
Effendy
Jurusan Kimia, FMIPA
Universitas Negeri Malang (UM)
There are some phenomena that you
see in everyday life such as:
 Corrosion of nail
 Combustion of gasoline in the car
to give energy
 Photosynthesis

All of them are related to chemistry

 What is chemistry?
Chemistry is a branch of science
which deals with the properties of
matter, structure of matter, changes
in matter, the laws and principles
describing these changes, and the
concepts and theories that interpret
them.
Why should you study chemistry?

If you want to be a geologist, you

have to understand chemistry to
study constituents and structure of
minerals.
If you want to be a doctor, you have
to understand chemistry to select a
particular anesthetic for surgery.
If you want to be a civil engineer you
have to understand chemistry to
select the best cement to build the
road.

You have to study chemistry

because chemistry is an important
part to prepare your particular
future career.
 The basic object of chemistry is
elements.

What is an element?

An element is a fundamental
substance that can’t be chemically
changed or broken down into
anything simpler.
 How many presently known
elements?
115 elements
90 natural elements
25 artificially elements produced
using high energy accelerators
How do chemists represent an element?
By using one-, two-, or three-letter
symbols of an element

Examples:
H for hydrogen
N for nitrogen
Al for aluminum
Mg for magnesium
Uun for ununnilium
aluminum magnesium
 The elements are tabulated in a table called periodic
table as shown in Figure 1.1.
Group
IA VIIIA
(1) (18)
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
1 H (2) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) He
2 Li Be VIIIB B C N O F Ne
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB
3 Na Mg (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Al Si P S Cl Ar
Period

4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Ke
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
The periodic table consists of
 7 horizontal rows called periods and
 18 vertical columns called groups
The international standard calls for
numbering the columns or groups from 1
to 18 going from left to right.
The US system uses Greek number and
capital letters
The elements are tabulated based on
their chemical properties
There are actually 32 groups in the
periodic table rather than 18, but to
make the table fit manageably on a
page, the 14 elements following
lanthanum (the lanthanides) and the
14 elements following actinium (the
actinides) are pulled out and shown
below the others. These groups are not
numbered.
Groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 are called
main or representative groups.
Groups 3 to 12 are called transition metal
groups.
The others are called lanthanides and actinides
groups.
The elements in the lanthanides group follow
lanthanum.
The elements in the actinides group follow
actinium. The elements in the lanthanides and
actinides groups are called inner transition
elements.
 Group
Main group
Main group
IA VIIIA
(1) Transition metals group (18)
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
1 H (2) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) He
2 Li Be VIIIB B C N O F Ne
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB
3 Na Mg (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Al Si P S Cl Ar
Period

4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Ke
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo

Post transition metal

Lanthanides Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Actinides Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
 Some groups may have specific name

Group
Noble gases group
1 Alkaline earth metals group 18
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 He
2 Li Be F Ne

3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cl Ar
Period

4 K Ca Cu Br Kr
5 Rb Sr Ag I Xe

6 Cs Ba Au Rn

7 Fr Ra

Halogen group
Coinage metals group
Alkali metals group
The elements in the periodic table
are often divided into three mayor
classes:

Nonmetal,
Metal
Semimetal or metalloid
 Group

Nonmetal
IA Metal VIIIA
(1) (18)
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
1 H (2) Semimetal or metalloid
(13) (14) (15) (16) (17) He
2 Li Be VIIIB B C N O F Ne
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB
3 Na Mg (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Al Si P S Cl Ar
Period

4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Ke
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo

Lanthanides Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Actinides Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Most of the elements known are naturally
occurring elements.

Some of the elements are synthetically

prepared.

At 30 °C the elements might be solid,

liquid or gas.
 Group

Gas Liquid Solid Synthetically prepared

IA VIIIA
(1) (18)
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
1 H (2) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) He
2 Li Be VIIIB B C N O F Ne
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB
3 Na Mg (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Al Si P S Cl Ar
Period

4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Ke
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo

Lanthanides Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Actinides Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
The kinetic energy differences
between
gas, liquid, and solid

gas liquid solid

Where did the elements come from?

All the elements in the universe except

hydrogen and most of the helium were
made in the stars.
Seconds after the universe came into
being with the Big Bang, the only element
present were the two simplest, hydrogen
and helium.
After millions of year, as the universe
cooled, the atoms of hydrogen and
helium collected together in large
clouds under the influence of gravity.

These clouds gradually became hotter

and hotter as they contracted, and in
due course they burst into
incandescence as stars.
 Within the stars, intense heat causes
atoms of hydrogen to smash together,
merge, and became atoms of other
elements.
Many million years after a star is
formed and it begins to cool, its outer
layers may collapse, like a falling
roof, into its exhausted core.
 This mighty star quake produces such
great shock waves that the star shrugs off
its outer layers and sends them into space
in a huge explosion called supernova.
The shock of explosion raises the
temperature in the star, making it even
brighter than before. At such high
temperatures, the heavy atoms collide
violently enough to merge and become
heavier ones.
 Most of substances in the world are
compounds.

What is compound?

Compound is a pure substance that is

formed when atoms of two or more
different elements combine and create a
new material with properties completely
unlike those of its constituent elements.
 Formation of a compound
from its elements involves a
chemical change, called
chemical reaction
For example:
Sodium (a soft, silvery metal)
combines with chlorine (a toxic,
yellow-green gas) to give sodium
chloride (salty table salt)

Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)

Hydrogen (colorless gas)
combines with oxygen (colorless
gas) to give water (colorless
liquid).

2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

In the compound, the elements
no longer have the same
properties they had before they
were combined.
The properties of H2O is
different from the properties of
H2 and O2.
A compound is written by giving its chemical formula,
which lists the symbols of the individual constituent
elements and indicates the number of atoms of each
element with subscript

Chemical Constituent elements

formula
of compound
H2O Two hydrogen and one oxygen atoms
HCl One hydrogen and one chlorine
atoms
H2SO4 Two hydrogen, one sulfur, and four
oxygen atoms
NH3 One nitrogen and three hydrogen
atoms
 Classification of matter

Matter

Pure substance Mixture

(fixed composition
and properties)

Heterogeneous Homogeneous
(nonuniform (uniform
Elements Compounds composition) composition)
(can not be (can be
decomposed) decomposed
by chemical
reaction) Physically
separable into

Combine
chemically to
form

Chemically
separable into
Heterogeneous mixture:
A mixture with a composition that varies
from point to point

Examples:
 mayonnaise
 chocolate chip cookies
 concrete
Homogeneous mixture:
A mixture with a composition that doesn’t
vary from point to point
Homogeneous mixture is also called
solution
Examples:
 Mixture of water and alcohol
 Mixture of table salt and water
 Mixture of sugar and water
 Separation of mixtures
Mixture of iron and sulfur may be
separated by using a magnet
 Mixture of two liquids with different boiling points such as
mixture of water and alcohol may be separated by distillation
Mixture of colored substances such as the components of a
green ink may be separated by column chromatography
Mixture of two crystalline substances
such as barium chromate, BaCrO4,
and strontium chromate, SrCrO4,
may be separated by fractional
crystallization.
Barium chromate is less soluble in
water than strontium chromate.
Barium chromate crystallizes before
strontium chromate.
Compounds can not be separated by
physical means; they can be separated by
chemical means which involve chemical
reactions.

Electrolysis
2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
 Reaction of mercury (A) and oxygen gas gives
mercury(II) oxide (B). Heating of mercury(II)
oxide gives metallic mercury and oxygen gas (C)
Properties of Substances

Any characteristic that can be used to

describe or identify matter is called a
property.

Properties of substances can be

classified as either intensive or
extensive.
Intensive properties:
does not depend on the amount of
sample
Examples:
Temperature
Melting point
Density
Taste
Extensive properties:
depends on the amount of
sample

Examples:
Mass
Volume
Properties can also be classified as
either physical or chemical,
depending on whether the property
involves a change in the chemical
makeup of substance
Physical properties:
Characteristics that do not involve a
change in a sample’s chemical
makeup
Example of physical properties:
Melting point and boiling point of
substance

Melting point of ice and boiling point of

water are physical properties because
melting and boiling cause the water to
change only in form or phase, but do not
in chemical makeup
Chemical properties:
Characteristics that do involve a change in a
sample’s chemical makeup

Example:
Rusting of iron
Rusting of iron is a chemical property,
because iron combines with oxygen and
moisture from the air to give the new
substance
 Some Examples of Physical
and Chemical Properties
Physical Properties Chemical properties

Temperature Rusting (of iron)

Color Combustion (of
Melting point gasoline)
Electrical conductance Tarnishing (of silver)
Amount Hardening (of
Odor cement)
Solubility Decomposition (of
Hardness sugar)
 Summary
1. Chemistry is a branch of science which deals with
the properties of matter, structure of matter,
changes in matter, the laws and principles
describing these changes, and the concepts and
theories that interpret them.
2. The basic object of chemistry is elements. Only 90
of 115 presently known elements occur naturally.
The remaining ones have been produced artificially
using high energy accelerators.
3. The elements are tabulated in a table called
periodic table which consists of 7 horizontal rows,
called periods, and 18 vertical columns, called
groups.
4. The elements in the periodic table are often
divided into three mayor classes: metal,
nonmetal, and semimetal or metalloid.
5. Compound is a pure substance that is
formed when atoms of two or more different
elements combine.
6. A compound is written by giving its
chemical formula, which lists the symbols
of the individual constituent elements and
indicates the number of atoms of each
element with subscript.
7. Matter can be classified either pure
substances or mixtures. It can be elements
or compound.
8. A mixture is composed of two or more
substances that can be present in varying
amounts. Formation of mixtures only
involves a physical change.
9. A mixture with a composition that doesn’t
vary from point to point is called a
homogeneous mixture (solution).
10. Mixture can be separated using distillation,
fractional crystallization, chromatography
etc.
11. Formation of a compound from its elements
involves a chemical change, called chemical
reaction.
12. Compounds can be separated by chemical
means which involve chemical reactions.
13. Any characteristic that can be used to
describe or identify matter is called a
property. Properties can be classified as either
intensive or extensive.
14. Intensive properties have the values
that do not depend on the amount of
sample.
15. Extensive properties have the values
that do depend on the amount of
sample.
16. Properties can also be classified as
either physical or chemical, depending
on whether the property involves a
change in the chemical makeup of
substance.
17. Physical properties are characteristics
that do not involve a change in a sample’s
chemical makeup.
18. Chemical properties are characteristics
that do involve a change in a sample’s
chemical makeup.