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Introduction To Chemistry: Jurusan Kimia, FMIPA Universitas Negeri Malang (UM)
Introduction To Chemistry: Jurusan Kimia, FMIPA Universitas Negeri Malang (UM)
CHEMISTRY
Effendy
Jurusan Kimia, FMIPA
Universitas Negeri Malang
(UM)
There are some phenomena that you
see in everyday life such as:
Corrosion of nail
Combustion of gasoline in the car
to give energy
Photosynthesis
What is an element?
An element is a fundamental
substance that can’t be chemically
changed or broken down into
anything simpler.
How many presently known
elements?
115 elements
90 natural elements
25 artificially elements produced
using high energy accelerators
How do chemists represent an element?
By using one-, two-, or three-letter
symbols of an element
Examples:
H for hydrogen
N for nitrogen
Al for aluminum
Mg for magnesium
Uun for ununnilium
The elements are tabulated in a table called periodic
table as shown in Figure 1.1.
Group
IA VIIIA
(1) (18)
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
1 H (2) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) He
2 Li Be VIIIB B C N O F Ne
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB
3 Na Mg (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Al Si P S Cl Ar
Period
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Ke
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
The periodic table consists of
7 horizontal rows called periods and
18 vertical columns called groups
The international standard calls for
numbering the columns or groups from 1
to 18 going from left to right.
The US system uses Greek number and
capital letters
The elements are tabulated based on
their chemical properties
Groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 are called
main or representative groups.
Groups 3 to 12 are called transition metal
groups.
The others are called lanthanides and actinides
groups.
The elements in the lanthanides group follow
lanthanum.
The elements in the actinides group follow
actinium. The elements in the lanthanides and
actinides groups are called inner transition
elements.
Group
Main group
Main group
IA VIIIA
(1) Transition metals group (18)
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
1 H (2) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) He
2 Li Be VIIIB B C N O F Ne
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB
3 Na Mg (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Al Si P S Cl Ar
Period
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Ke
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo
Lanthanides Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Actinides Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Some groups may have specific name
Group
Noble gases group
1 Alkaline earth metals group 18
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 He
2 Li Be F Ne
3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cl Ar
Period
4 K Ca Cu Br Kr
5 Rb Sr Ag I Xe
6 Cs Ba Au Rn
7 Fr Ra
Halogen group
Coinage metals group
Alkali metals group
The elements in the periodic table
are often divided into three mayor
classes:
Nonmetal
Metal
Semimetal or metalloid
Group
Nonmetal
IA Metal VIIIA
(1) (18)
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
1 H (2) Semimetal or metalloid
(13) (14) (15) (16) (17) He
2 Li Be VIIIB B C N O F Ne
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB
3 Na Mg (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Al Si P S Cl Ar
Period
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Ke
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo
Lanthanides Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Actinides Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Most of the elements known are naturally
occurring elements.
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Ke
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo
Lanthanides Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Actinides Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Most of substances in the world are
compounds.
What is compound?
Heterogeneous Homogeneous
(nonuniform (uniform
Elements Compounds composition) composition)
(can not be (can be
decomposed) decomposed
by chemical
reaction) Physically
separable into
Combine
chemically to
form
Chemically
separable into
Heterogeneous mixture:
A mixture with a composition that varies
from point to point
Examples:
mayonnaise
chocolate chip cookies
concrete
Homogeneous mixture:
A mixture with a composition that doesn’t
vary from point to point
Homogeneous mixture is also called
solution
Examples:
Mixture of water and alcohol
Mixture of table salt and water
Mixture of sugar and water
Separation of mixtures
Mixture of iron and sulfur may be
separated by using a magnet
Mixture of two liquids with different boiling points such as
mixture of water and alcohol may be separated by distillation
Mixture of two crystalline substances
from a solution such as barium
chromate, BaCrO4, and strontium
chromate, SrCrO4, may be separated
by fractional crystallization.
Barium chromate is less soluble in
water than strontium chromate.
Barium chromate crystallizes before
strontium chromate.
Compounds can not be separated by
physical means; they can be separated by
chemical means which involve chemical
reactions.
Electrolysis
2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
Reaction of mercury (A) and oxygen gas gives
mercury(II) oxide (B). Heating of mercury(II)
oxide gives metallic mercury and oxygen gas (C)
Properties of Substances
Examples:
Mass
Volume
Properties can also be classified as
either physical or chemical,
depending on whether the property
involves a change in the chemical
makeup of substance
Physical properties:
Characteristics that do not involve a
change in a sample’s chemical
makeup
Examples of physical properties:
Melting point
Boiling point
Freezing point
Melting point of ice and boiling point of
water are physical properties because
melting and boiling cause the water to
change only in form or phase, but do not
in chemical makeup
Chemical properties:
Characteristics that do involve a change in a
sample’s chemical makeup
Example:
Rusting of iron
Rusting of iron is a chemical property,
because iron combines with oxygen and
moisture from the air to give the new
substance
Some Examples of Physical
and Chemical Properties
Physical Properties Chemical properties