PROGRAMME 3

HYPERBOLIC
FUNCTIONS

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Introduction
Graphs of hyperbolic functions
Evaluation of hyperbolic functions
Inverse hyperbolic functions
Log form of the inverse hyperbolic functions
Hyperbolic identities
Relationship between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Introduction
Graphs of hyperbolic functions
Evaluation of hyperbolic functions
Inverse hyperbolic functions
Log form of the inverse hyperbolic functions
Hyperbolic identities
Relationship between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Introduction

Given that:
cos  j sin  e j and cos  j sin  e j
then:
j  j
cos  e  e
and so, if   jx 2
 jjx
cos jx  e  e  e  e
jjx x x
2 2
This is the even part of the exponential function and is defined to be the
hyperbolic cosine:
cosh x  e  e
x x
2

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Introduction

The odd part of the exponential function and is defined to be the hyperbolic
sine:
e x  e x
sinh x 
2

The ratio of the hyperbolic sine to the hyperbolic cosine is the hyperbolic
tangent

sinh x ex  e x
tanh x   x x
cosh x e  e

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Introduction

The power series expansions of the exponential function are:

2 3 4 2 3 4
ex 1 x  x  x  x  ... and e x 1 x  x  x  x  ...
2! 3! 3! 2! 3! 3!

and so:

2 4 6 3 5 7
cosh x 1 x  x  x  ... and sinh x  x  x  x  x  ...
2! 3! 6! 3! 5! 7!

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Introduction
Graphs of hyperbolic functions
Evaluation of hyperbolic functions
Inverse hyperbolic functions
Log form of the inverse hyperbolic functions
Hyperbolic identities
Relationship between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Graphs of hyperbolic functions

The graphs of the hyperbolic sine and the hyperbolic cosine are:

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Graphs of hyperbolic functions

The graph of the hyperbolic tangent is:

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Introduction
Graphs of hyperbolic functions
Evaluation of hyperbolic functions
Inverse hyperbolic functions
Log form of the inverse hyperbolic functions
Hyperbolic identities
Relationship between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Evaluation of hyperbolic functions

The values of the hyperbolic sine, cosine and tangent can be found using a
calculator.

If your calculator does not possess these facilities then their values can be
found using the exponential key instead.

For example:

1.275  e1.275 3.5790.279

sinh1.275  e  1.65 to 2dp
2 2

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Introduction
Graphs of hyperbolic functions
Evaluation of hyperbolic functions
Inverse hyperbolic functions
Log form of the inverse hyperbolic functions
Hyperbolic identities
Relationship between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Inverse hyperbolic functions

To find the value of an inverse hyperbolic function using a calculator

without that facility requires the use of the exponential function.

For example, to find the value of sinh-11.475 it is required to find the value
of x such that sinh x = 1.475. That is:
1
ex   2.950 so that e2 x  2.950e x 1  0

Hence: ex

ex  3.257 or  0.307 so x 1.1808

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Introduction
Graphs of hyperbolic functions
Evaluation of hyperbolic functions
Inverse hyperbolic functions
Log form of the inverse hyperbolic functions
Hyperbolic identities
Relationship between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Log form of the inverse hyperbolic functions

If y = sinh-1x then x = sinh y. That is:

e y  e y  2x so that e2 y  2xe y 1 0

therefore:

e y  x  x 2 1
So that


y  sinh-1 x  ln x  x 2 1

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Log form of the inverse hyperbolic functions

Similarly:

 
y  cosh-1 x   ln x  x 2 1

and
1 1 x 
y  tanh-1 x  ln  
2 1 x 

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Introduction
Graphs of hyperbolic functions
Evaluation of hyperbolic functions
Inverse hyperbolic functions
Log form of the inverse hyperbolic functions
Hyperbolic identities
Relationship between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Hyperbolic identities
Reciprocals

Just like the circular trigonometric ratios, the hyperbolic functions also
have their reciprocals:

coth x  1
tanh x

sechx  1
cosh x

cosechx  1
sinh x

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Hyperbolic identities

From the definitions of coshx and sinhx:

2 2
 e x
 e x
  e x
 e x

cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x   
 2   2 
   
 e 2 x  2 e 2 x   e 2 x  2 e 2 x 
    
 4 4
   
1
So:

cosh2 x  sinh2 x 1

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Hyperbolic identities

Similarly:

sech 2 x 1 tanh 2 x

cosech 2 x  coth 2 x 1

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Hyperbolic identities

And:
sinh 2 x  2sinh x cosh x

cosh 2 x  cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x

 1 2sinh 2 x
 2cosh 2 x 1

2 tanh x
tanh 2 x 
1 tanh 2 x

A clear similarity with the circular trigonometric identities.

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Introduction
Graphs of hyperbolic functions
Evaluation of hyperbolic functions
Inverse hyperbolic functions
Log form of the inverse hyperbolic functions
Hyperbolic identities
Relationship between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions

Relationship between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions

Since: j  j j  j
cos  e  e and j sin  e  e
2 2
it is clear that for   jx

cos jx  cosh x

j sin x  sinh jx

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Relationship between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions

Similarly:
cosh jx  cos x

sin jx  j sinh x
And further:
tanh jx  j tan x

tan jx  j tanh x

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

 Programme 3: Hyperbolic functions
Learning outcomes

Define the hyperbolic functions in terms of the exponential function

Express the hyperbolic functions as power series

Recognize the graphs of the hyperbolic functions

Evaluate hyperbolic functions and their inverses

Determine the logarithmic form of the inverse hyperbolic functions

Prove hyperbolic identities

Understand the relationship between the circular and the hyperbolic trigonometric
ssfunctions

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text