PARKING

BY
SHANKHADEEP MAJUMDAR
ANIRUDH AGARWAL
 Parking is the act of stopping and disengaging
a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied. Parking on one or
both sides of a road is often permitted, though
sometimes with restrictions. Some buildings have
parking facilities for use of the buildings' users. Countries
and local governments have rules for design and use
of parking spaces.

Parking in India
The growing population of India has created many problems – one
of the challenging ones being car parking which we confront almost
every day. Besides the problem of space for cars moving on the road,
greater is the problem of space for a parked vehicle considering that
private vehicles remain parked for most of their time. Roads are
being built for cars to ply but are we also giving the vehicles enough
space to park?. Parking is one of the major problems that is created
by the increasing road track. It is an impact of transport
development. The availability of less space in urban areas has
increased the demand for parking space especially in areas like
Central business district.
 Need for parking
Parking spaces are very important to cities. A city
must have enough parking spaces to provide
their residents and their visitors a place to park their
car. Since cars are a main factor in transportation, a
city must meet the needs of the drivers. If people
can’t find a place to park, or if they have to pay too
much for parking, these people probably won’t come
back to your city to do some more shopping, dining
or spending money in any other way. Also residents
must have enough place to park their car nearby their
house and workplace.
 Types of Parking
On street parking
1. On street parking means the vehicles are parked on the sides of the
street itself.
2. This will be usually controlled by government agencies itself.
3. As per IRC the standard dimensions of a car is taken as 5× 2.5 m and
that for a truck is 3.75× 7.5 m.

Off street parking

1. Off street parking means vehicles are parked off the street itself.
2. This will be usually controlled by commercial agencies itself.

Parallel parking
1. The vehicles are parked along the length of the road. Here there is no
backward movement involved while parking or un parking the vehicle.
2. Hence, it is the most safest parking from the accident perspective.
However, it consumes the maximum curb length and therefore only a
minimum number of vehicles can be parked for a given kerbed length.
3. This method of parking produces least obstruction to the on-going
track on the road since least road width is used.
 30 parking
1. In thirty degree parking, the vehicles are parked at 30 with respect to the roinad alignment.
2. In this case, more vehicles can be parked compared to parallel parking.
3. Also there is better maneuver-ability.
4. Delay caused to the track is also minimum in this type of parking.

45 parking
1. As the angle of parking increases, more number of vehicles can be parked.
2. Hence compared to parallel parking and thirty degree parking, more number of vehicles can be
accommodated in this type of parking.

60 parking
1. The vehicles are parked at 60 to the direction of road.
2. More number of vehicles can be accommodated in this parking type.

Right angle parking

1. In right angle parking or 90parking, the vehicles are parked perpendicular to the direction of the
road.
2. Although it consumes maximum width kerbed length required is very little.
3. In this type of parking, the vehicles need complex maneuvering and this may cause severe accidents.
4. This arrangement causes obstruction to the road track particularly if the road width is less.
However, it can accommodate maximum number of vehicles for a given kerbed length.
 Parking lot
A parking lot is an area that is assigned for parking. Normally,
the parking spaces are marked on the ground with white or yellow
lines that form squares that each fit one car. Parking lots are common
near shops, bars, restaurants and other facilities that require parking.
There are parking lots that are open throughout the year, but there are
also improvised parking lots that are specially assigned for an event.
For example, when there is a music festival that only happens once a
year people can decide to open a nearby meadow to provide parking
spaces for the visitors of that particular music festival.

Parking garages
A parking garages is also called car park, parking structure, parking building, parking ramp, parkade
or parking deck.
There are several types of parking garages:
•Single level parking garage
A single level parking garage is a parking garage that only has only one floor.
•Multilevel or multi-storey parking garage
Multilevel or multi-storey parking garages are parking garages that have multiple floors to park at.
The design of a multilevel parking garage can be very different. The most common design is a garage
with ramps to move from one level to another. Less common are parking garages that use lifts to go
from level to level. Then there are also parking garages with robotic systems that move cars from one
level to another. The floors of the parking garage can either go up, down or both.
•Underground parking garage
An underground parking garage has levels below the surface and
none above ground. Most often underground parking garages are
located in city centers where there’s not much space available to
build a parking facility, but there is a big need to build one.

•Automated parking garage

The car park operates as followed:You drive your car onto a
platform in the garage. Then the automated parking system
will move your car to the available parking space somewhere in
the tower. The cars can be moved vertically and horizontally with
the use of hydraulic or mechanical lifts.There are several
benefits to a multilevel parking facility with an automated parking
system. For example you can stack more cars in a compact space
because the cars are parked by robots. Also parking spaces can be
smaller because no one needs to get in or out of the vehicle and
people don’t park it themselves; the robotic system doesn’t need as
much space to park a car than a human does.You do need to clean
the equipment every once in a while, plus at least one to four times
a year someone needs to check the equipment to see if it all still
works properly. The number of times for a service check depends
on the equipment that is used.
Automated Parking System (APS)
An Automated Parking System or APS is a mechanical
system that moves cars from the entry to an available parking
space. It uses multiple levels and stacks cars vertically to use as
less land as possible to park as many cars as possible. It’s entirely
automatic and doesn’t require any staff.

Automated Parking Systems are sometimes also called:

•Mechanical Parking System
•Robotic Parking System
•Rotary Parking System
•Automatic Parking
•Stacker Parking

Automatic parking systems are very space efficient. You can

simply stack all the cars plus the parking space doesn’t have to be
as wide as in a conventional parking lot. You can stack more cars in
a compact space, because cars are moved by platforms and lifts.
The system doesn't need as much space to park as a human does.
There’s no need for ramps, pedestrian areas etc.
 How does it work?
The customer enters the parking garage and drives the car onto a platform. There he shuts
off the engine, puts the brake on and steps out of the vehicle. The system detects the overall
size and shape of the vehicle with the use of sensors. This is an important step in the
process:The system analyzes where he can park the car (the smallest space possible).
Usually there’s a payment terminal for the customer to pay for parking. He receives a ticket
or key with a customized code.
As soon as the customer leaves the parking garage, robotic arms and platforms are set in
motion.They move the car vertically and/or horizontally to the available parking spot.
When to customer comes back to pick up his car, the system uses the code from his ticket to
know which car to bring back to the platform. The customer can then enter the vehicle and
leave the garage.
 Effects of parking
Parking has some effects like congestion, accidents, pollution, obstruction to fire-fighting operations
etc.
1. Congestion Parking takes considerable street space leading to the lowering of the road capacity.
Hence, speed will be reduced, journey time and delay will also subsequently increase. The operational
cost of the vehicle increases leading to great economical loss to the community.
2. Accidents Careless maneuvering of parking and unparking leads to accidents which are referred to as
parking accidents. Common type of parking accidents occur while driving out a car from the parking
area, careless opening of the doors of parked cars, and while bringing in the vehicle to the parking lot
for parking.
3. Environmental pollution They also cause pollution to the environment because stopping and starting
of vehicles while parking and unparking results in noise and fumes. They also aced the aesthetic beauty
of the buildings because a car parked at every available space creates a feeling that building rises from a
plinth of cars.
4. Obstruction to fire fighting operations Parked vehicles may obstruct the movement of fire fighting
vehicles. Sometimes they block access to hydrants and access to buildings.
 Parking statistics

1. Parking accumulation It is defined as the number of vehicles parked at a given instant of time.
Normally this is expressed by accumulation curve. Accumulation curve is the graph obtained by
plotting the number of bays occupied with respect to time.

2. Parking volume Parking volume is the total number of vehicles parked at a given duration of
time. This does not account for repetition of vehicles.

3. Parking load Parking load gives the area under the accumulation curve. It can also be obtained
by simply multiplying the number of vehicles occupying the parking area at each time interval with
the time interval. It is expressed as vehicle hours.

4. Average parking duration It is the ratio of total vehicle hours to the number of vehicles
parked.

5. Parking turnover It is the ratio of number of vehicles parked in duration to the number of
parking bays. This can be expressed as number of vehicles per bay per time duration.

6. Parking index Parking index is also called occupancy or efficiency. It is defined as the ratio of
number of bays occupied in time duration to the total space available. It gives an aggregate measure
of how effectively the parking space is utilized. Parking index can be found out as follows
Parking index = parking load/parking capacity × 100
 Development Function
Parking requirements for
developments are given according to
their particular function and are
classified into the following types:
(a) Residential
(b) Commercial
(c) Industrial
(d) Recreational
(e) Service Industry
(f) Disabled
(g) Cycling
PARKING BYE LAWS
 Abstract
The growing population of India has created many problems
one of the challenging ones being car parking which we
confront almost every day. Besides the problem of space for
cars moving on the road, greater is the problem of space for a
parked vehicle considering that private vehicles remain parked
for most of their time. While residential projects still escape
with designated parking, the real problem lie with commercial
spaces many a time which is overcome by taking extra open
spaces to park.
Multi-level Parking systems for sometime have provided relief
since they come with a number of advantages – optimal
utilisation of space, lower maintenance and operational cost,
lower construction cost, secure and environment-friendly
nature, comfortable for the drivers, cost saving for builders by
saving height or depth. Multiple Level Car Parking Systems are
much in vogue a method of automatically parking and
retrieving cars that typically use a system of pallets and lifts
and signalling devices for retrieval. They serve advantages like
safety, saving of space, time and fuel space but also need to
have an extra and a very detailed assessment of the parking
required, space availability and traffic flow.