Nutrition is the provision

of materials, usually in
form of food, to support
life in organisms.
 NUTRITION
Autotrophic Heterotrophic

Synthesis complex An organism obtains

organic compounds energy through the
from raw, simple intake and digestion of
inorganic substances organic substances,
using light or normally plant and
chemical energy animal tissues.
 AUTOTROPHIC
• Chemosynthesis
– Uses energy derived from oxidation of inorganic
substances
– Eg~ Sulphur bacteria which oxidizes sulphur to sulphate
and Nitrosomonas sp. Which oxidizes ammonium to
nitrate
• Photosynthesis
– Uses energy from sunlight
– Eg~ All green plants carry out photosynthesis
 HETEROTROPHIC
• Holozoic Nutrition
– Ingests and digests food to obtain nutrients
– Eg~ human, animals and insectivorous plants

• Saprophytism
– Obtains nutrients from dead organic matter
– Eg~ bacteria and fungi like mushrooms, yeast, and Mucor sp.
(bread mould)

• Paratism
– Obtains nutrients from living organisms
– Eg~ fleas, lice and tapeworms
 Balance Diet
The necessity for a balanced diet

• A balanced diet refers to a diet which

contains the right amount of all the seven
classes of food in order to meet the body’s
requirement.
• A food pyramid shows the quantities of
food group servings a person should should
consume daily.
• A balanced diet can be defined as one, which
contains the various groups of food stuffs such
as energy yielding foods (carbohydrates, fats),
body-building foods (protein, minerals), and
protective foods (vitamins) in correct
propositions.
• So that an individual is assured of obtaining the
minimum requirements of all the nutrients. The
components of a balanced diet will differ
according to age, sex, physical activity,
economic status, occupation and the
physiological state like pregnancy & lactation.
• There are no good or bad foods or good
or bad diets. All foods contain different
levels of nutrients but no single food
can provide all the vitamins and minerals
our bodies need in the right amounts.
• To maintain good health and to function
efficiently our bodies needs proteins,
carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals.
Our body also needs plenty of water. We must
drink 1.5 - 2 litres of fluid daily to maintain
healthy kidneys and prevent urinary infection.

• The body needs extra fluid when energy

expenditure is high and also in hot weather.
Water is required in large amounts to
regulate body processes such as digestion,
excretion, and maintenance of the body
temperature and the electrolyte balance.
• The simple dietary modifications, which
people can adopt using the balanced diet
chart or food guide pyramid can help to
reduce the risk of heart diseases and
other diet related conditions such as
diabetes mellitus and some forms of
cancer.
• The molecules that act as a source of
energy.
• The chemical building blocks for growth
and repair of damaged body tissuse.
• The elements and compounds that
participate in a variety of metabolic
reaction.
 Group 1. Cereal Grains and Products.
• Foods such as rice, wheat, jowar, bajra and ragi are in
this group. These supply energy or calories, protein,
invisible fats. These foods also contribute iron,
thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid and fiber.

Group 2. Pulses And Legumes.

• The foodstuffs in this group are pulses and legumes
(eg beans, soya beans, peas, Rajmah, Bengal grams
etc). It provides energy, protein, invisible fat, Vitamin
B1, Vitamin B2, folic acid, calcium, iron and fibres.
 Group 3. Milk , Nuts and Meat Products.
• They include milk, curd, skimmed milk, cheese, almonds,
groundnuts, chicken, meat, liver, egg, fish and other flesh foods.
All these foodstuffs supply mainly protein, fat, calcium and
vitamin B2.

Group 4. Fruits And Vegetables.

• These include green leafy vegetables, yellow or orange fruits
and vegetables such as papaya, mango, carrots,tomato, pumpkin,
stems, leaves and flowers of plants, ladies finger, bringals,
bittergourds and other gourds, cabbage and cauliflower. Fruits
such as amla, lemons, orange are rich in minerals and vitamins,
especially vitamin C and calcium, iron and folic acid. They also
contribute half of vitamin A requirement. Other major nutrients
are invisible fat, vitamin B2 and fibre. They provide variety in
taste and texture and furnish roughage in the diet.
 Group 5. Fats And Sugars
• All these foodstuffs supply energy or calories -
vegetable oils, vanaspathi, ghee, cream, sugar and
jaggery. This group constitutes about 1/6th of the
energy value of the diet and provides essential fatty
acids, but does not add appreciably to the protein,
mineral or vitamin adequately. Oils should be used
sparingly in the diet. They add taste and flavour to
the food. In India, commonly available cooking oils
include mustard oil, coconut oil, gingelly oil, groundnut
oil, palmolein oil, and sunflower oil.

• People eat large amounts of foods but still they

suffer from malnutrition because they are consuming
an unbalanced diet. Eating too much or unbalanced
diets such as more of complex carbohydrates and
fats can lead to obesity and therefore increase the
risk of serious conditions such as high blood pressure,
heart disease, diabetes mellitus.
• Diets containing foodstuffs drawn from each of the food groups
supply all essential nutrients in adequate amounts and keep a
majority of individuals consuming them in a good state of health.
• Even though the recommended balance of foods applies to most
people of all ethnic origins and those who are over weight, few
individual variations can be there. Infants under two years of
age for example should be given milk products, which is not
skimmed. They also need more dairy foods than adults. But
between the ages of two and five children make a gradual
transition on to family foods - the balanced diet chart or food
pyramid begin to apply. People with special dietary needs and
those under medical supervision should check with their doctor
or nutritionist to see if this balance of foods is suited to them.
• Vitamin and mineral supplements are no substitutes for good
eating habits. The majority of people will meet all their
nutritional requirements by following the basic guidelines out
lined in the balanced diet chart or food pyramid.
Group Particulars Kilo Calories

Man Sedentary work 2350

Moderate work 2700

Heavy work 3200

Woman Sedentary work 1800

Moderate work 2100

Heavy work 2450

Pregnancy + 300

Lactation 0 - 6 months + 550

6 - 12 months + 400
Group Particulars Kilo Calories
Infants 0 - 6 months 118 / Kg
6 - 12 months 108 / kg
Children 1 - 3 years 1125
4 - 6 years 1600
7 - 9 years 1925
Boys 10 - 12 years 2150
13 - 15 years 2400
16 - 18 years 2600
Girls 10 - 12 years 1950
13 - 15 years 2050
16 - 18 years 2050
 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF INFANTS FROM BIRTH TO 12
MONTHS

• Linear relationship and 95 percent confidence and

prediction intervals of equation to predict TEE
from body weight in healthy infants, one to 24
months old
 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF CHILDREN AND
ADOLESCENTS

• Quadratic polynomial regression of total energy

expenditure on body weight, weighting each data
point by the number of children in the study

BOYS
GIRLS

Boys: y = 1.298 + 0.265x - 0.0011x2; nweighted = 801, r = 0.982, see = 0.518.

Girls: y = 1.102 + 0.273x - 0.0019x2; nweighted = 808, r = 0.955, see =
0.650.
Solid circles: DLW, industrialized countries.
Solid triangles: HRM, industrialized countries.
Clear circles: DLW, developing countries.
Clear triangles: HRM, developing countries.
Mean weight gain of boys and girls,
one to 17 years of age
Age Boys Girls
years kg/year g/day kg/year g/day
1-2 2.4 6.6 2.4 6.6
2-3 2.0 5.5 2.2 6.0
3-4 2.1 5.8 1.9 5.2
4-5 2.0 5.5 1.7 4.7
5-6 2.0 5.5 1.8 4.9
6-7 2.2 6.0 2.3 6.3
7-8 2.4 6.6 3.0 8.2
8-9 2.8 7.7 3.7 10.1
9-10 3.3 9.0 4.0 11.0
10-11 3.9 10.7 4.5 12.3
11-12 4.5 12.3 4.5 12.3
12-13 5.2 14.2 4.6 12.6
13-14 5.8 15.9 4.2 11.5
14-15 5.9 16.2 3.4 9.3
15-16 5.4 14.8 2.2 6.0
16-17 4.2 11.5 0.8 2.2
17-18 2.6 7.1 0 0
Increase in energy requirements needed to allow for twice the

normal growth rate of children six to 24 months old*

Age Average weight gain % increase over

months g/kg/day energy requirement
18-24 1.83 14.5
12-18 1.15 8.5
9-12 0.67 5
6-9 0.51 3.5
•It was assumed that the requirements for normal growth were 1.5
times the theoretical estimates based on weight gain.
 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF ADULTS
Time
Energy Mean PALb
allocatio Time × energy
Main daily activities costa multiple of 24-
n cost
PAR hour BMR
hours
Sedentary or light activity lifestyle

Sleeping 8 1 8.0

Personal care (dressing, showering) 1 2.3 2.3

Eating 1 1.5 1.5

Cooking 1 2.1 2.1

Sitting (office work, selling produce, 8 1.5 12.0

tending shop)
General household work 1 2.8 2.8

Driving car to/from work 1 2.0 2.0

Walking at varying paces without a load 1 3.2 3.2

Light leisure activities (watching TV, 2 1.4 2.8

chatting)
Total 24 36.7 36.7/24 = 1.53
 Time
alloc Mean PALb
Energy costa
Main daily activities ation Time × energy cost multiple of 24-hour
PAR
hour BMR
s
Active or moderately active lifestyle

Sleeping 8 1 8.0

Personal care (dressing, showering) 1 2.3 2.3

Eating 1 1.5 1.5

Standing, carrying light loads 8 2.2 17.6

(waiting on tables, arranging merchandise)c

Commuting to/from work on the bus 1 1.2 1.2

Walking at varying paces without a load 1 3.2 3.2

Low intensity aerobic exercise 1 4.2 4.2

Light leisure activities (watching TV, chatting) 3 1.4 4.2

Total 24 42.2 42.2/24 = 1.76

 Time
Mean PALb
alloca Energy costa
Main daily activities Time × energy cost multiple of 24-
tion PAR
hour BMR
hours

Vigorous or vigorously active lifestyle

Sleeping 8 1 8.0

Personal care (dressing, bathing) 1 2.3 2.3

Eating 1 1.4 1.4

Cooking 1 2.1 2.1

Non-mechanized agricultural work (planting, 6 4.1 24.6

weeding, gathering)

Collecting water/wood 1 4.4 4.4

Non-mechanized domestic chores (sweeping, 1 2.3 2.3

washing clothes and dishes by hand)

Walking at varying paces without a load 1 3.2 3.2

Miscellaneous light leisure activities 4 1.4 5.6

Total 24 53.9 53.9/24 = 2.25

 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF PREGNANCY
Additional energy cost of pregnancy in women with an average gestational weight gain of 12 kg*

A. Rates of tissue deposition

1st trimester 2nd trimester 3rd trimester Total deposition
g/d g/d g/d g/280 d

Weight gain 17 60 54 12 000

Protein depositiona 0 1.3 5.1 597
Fat depositiona 5.2 18.9 16.9 3 741
B. Energy cost of pregnancy estimated from the increment in BMR and energy deposition

1st trimester 2nd trimester 3rd trimester Total energy cost

kJ/d kJ/d kJ/d MJ kcal
Protein depositiona 0 30 121 14.1 3 370
Fat depositiona 202 732 654 144.8 34 600
Efficiency of energy utilizationb 20 76 77 15.9 3 800
Basal metabolic rate 199 397 993 147.8 35 130
Total energy cost of pregnancy (kJ/d) 421 1 235 1 845 322.6 77 100
C. Energy cost of pregnancy estimated from the increment in TEE and energy deposition

1st trimester 2nd trimester 3rd trimester Total energy cost

kJ/d kJ/d kJ/d MJ kcal
Protein depositiona 0 30 121 14.1 3 370
Fat depositiona 202 732 654 144.8 34 600
Total energy expenditurec 85 350 1 300 161.4 38 560
Total energy cost of pregnancy (kJ/d) 287 1,112 2 075 320.2 76 530
Characteristics/ Deficiency disease:
Function: Night blindness
 Normal growth
 Healthy eyes and
skin
Vitamin B comes from Peas, meat,
cereals,seafood
 aaaaaaa

Characteristics/ Deficiency disease:

Function: • Beri-beri
 As the components
of coenzymes
Vitamin B2 come from
yeast, egg and meat.
Characteristics/ Deficiency disease:
Function: • Inflammation of lips
 Healthy growth • Mouth sores
 Healthy skin
MALNUTRITION
 What is malnutrition??
Malnuttrition is a unbalanced
diet….
 The effects of malnutrition….
• Protein deficiency
• kwashiorkor Receive a small amount of protein(distended
Stomach and suffer from diarrhoea)..

marasmus Not enough protein and carbohydrates(become

Very thin and wrinkled skin)..
• Deficiency disease
• deficiency in v.c Scurvy(swollen,bleeding gums and tooth
Loss…..

Deficiency in v.d Calcium and phosphorus Causes rickets

Ferum shortage anaemia

• osteoporosis Lacking in calcium(elderly people)

Cause the bones to become porous

And break easily…
• Excessive amount of
carbohydrates and
lipid…..

obesity 20%more weight than a person height

Effects…

1.High level of cholesterol in blood

2.Cardiovascular disease
3.Diabetes mellitus
• Excessive amount of
sodium(salt)

High blood pressure

(can cause the damages of kidneys)…
• Excessive amount of
vitamins

Vitamin A(fat soluable vitamin) effect Hair loss,bone and joint pains,
Loss of appetite and liver
Damage.

Vitamin D effect Overload in calcium in blood which can interferes

The functions of muscles and heart tissue..
How to prevent malnutrition??
Prevent yourself from
Reducing the amount of taking too much sugar
Salt in home cooking and carbohydrates in
Your foods

Exercise more and

Try to balance your diet
Regularly…
EXAMPLE OF MALNNUTRITION
 Mineral
• Function: for the maintenance of good health.
Mineral Sources Function

calcium Milk, cheese, Combines with

green phosphorus for
vegetables, formation of
legumes. strong teeth &
bones.
phosphorus Milk, cheese, Combines with
meat, grains. calcium to form
strong bones &
teeth.
Sodium( Salt To maintain
common salt) osmotic
pressure
potassium Fruit Transmission of
nerve impulses.
Ferum( iron) Liver, kidney, Formation of
raw egg haemoglobin in
red blood cells.
Iodine Sea food Formation of
the hormones.