Elastic Stresses in Unshored Composite Section

 The elastic stresses at any location shall be the sum of

stresses caused by appropriate loads applied separately
 Steel beam
 Permanent loads applied before the slab has hardened, are
carried by the steel section.
 Short-term composite section
 Transient loads (such as live loads) are assumed to be carried
by short-term composite action. The short-term modular ratio,
n, should be used.
 Long-term composite section.
 Permanent loads applied after the slab has been hardened are
carried by the long-term composite section. The long-term
modular ratio, 3n, should be used.
Elastic Stresses (6.10.1.1)
The procedure shown in this
picture is only valid if the neutral
axis is not in the concrete.
My t
Use iterations otherwise.
f ct 
b nI tr b/n
t t
yt

yb

Original section Transformed section

My b
f sb 
I tr
 Elastic Stresses (6.10.1.1)

Effective Width (Interior)

 According to AASHTO-LRFD 4.6.2.6.1, the effective width

for interior girders is to be taken as the smallest of:

 One quarter of the effective span length (span length in
simply supported beams and distance between
permanent load inflection points in continuous beams).
 Average center-to-center spacing.
 Twelve times the slab thickness plus the top flange width.
 Hybrid Sections 6.10.3, 6.10.1.10

 The web yield strength must be:

 1.20 fyf ≥ fyw≥ 0.70 fyf and fyw≥ 36 ksi
 The hybrid girder reduction factor = Rh
12  b (3   3 )
Rh 
12  2b

 Where, b=2 Dn tw / Afn

 Dn = larger of distance from elastic NA to inside flange face
 Afn = flange area on the side of NA corresponding to Dn
 fn = yield stress corresponding to Afn
 Additional sections

 6.10.1.4 – Variable web depth members

 6.10.1.5 – Stiffness
 6.10.1.6 – Flange stresses and bending moments
 6.10.1.7 – Minimum negative flexure concrete deck rft.
 6.10.1.8 – Net section fracture
 Web Bend-Buckling Resistance (6.10.1.9)

 For webs without longitudinal stiffeners, the nominal bend buckling

resistance shall be taken as:
0.9 E k
Fcrw  2
D
 
 tw 
9
where, k  bend buckling coefficient 
 Dc / D 2
where, Dc  depth of web in compression in elastic range

 When the section is composite and in positive flexure Rb=1.0

 When the section has one or more longitudinal stiffeners,

and D/tw≤ 0.95 (E k /Fyc)0.5 then Rb = 1.0

 When 2Dc/tw ≤ 5.7 (E / Fyc)0.5 then Rb = 1.0

 Web Bend-Buckling Reduction (6.10.1.10)

 If the previous conditions are not met then:

 awc  2 Dc 
Rb  1     rw   1.0
 1200  300 awc  tw 
E
where, rw  5.7
Fyc
2 Dc tw
and awc 
b fc t fc
 Calculating the depth Dc and Dcp (App. D6.3)

 For composite sections in positive flexure, the depth of the

web in compression in the elastic range Dc, shall be the
depth over which the algebraic sum of the stresses in the
steel, the long-term composite and short term composite
section is compressive
f DC1  f DC 2  fW S  f LL  IM
Dc  tf
f DC1 f DC 2  fW S f LL  IM
 
csteel c3n cn

 In lieu, you can use

  fc 
Dc   d  t fc  0
 fc  ft 
 
where, d  depth of steel sec tion
fc and ft are the compression and tension flange stresses
 Calculating the depth Dc and Dcp (App. D6.3)

 For composite sections in positive flexure, the depth of the

web in compression at the plastic moment Dcp shall be
taken as follows for the case of PNA in the web:

 F
D yt t A  F A  0 .85 f c As  Fyr Ar
'

Dcp    1
yc c

2  Fyw Aw 
 6.10 I-shaped Steel Girder Design

Proportioning the section (6.10.2)

 Webs without longitudinal stiffeners must be limited to

D/tw ≤ 150
 Webs with longitudinal stiffeners must be limited to

D/tw≤ 300
 Compression and tension flanges must be proportioned
such that:
bf  D / 6
bf
 12.0
2t f
t f  1.1 tw
I yc
0.1   10
I yt
Section Behavior

Moment

Mp

Compact
My
Noncompact

Slender

Curvature
 6.10 I-Shaped Steel Girder Design

 Strength limit state 6.10.6

 Composite sections in positive flexure (6.10.6.2.2)
 Classified as compact section if:
 Flange yield stress (Fyf ) ≤ 70 ksi

2 Dcp E
 3.76
tw Fyc
 where, Dcp is the depth of the web in compression at the
plastic moment
 Classified as non-compact section if requirement not met
 Compact section designed using Section 6.10.7.1
 Non-compact section designed using Section 6.10.7.2
 6.10.7 Flexural Resistance
Composite Sections in Positive Flexure
Compact sections
 At the strength limit state, the section must satisfy

1
M u  fl S xt   f M n
3
 If Dp≤ 0.1 Dt , then Mn = Mp

 Otherwise, Mn = Mp(1.07 – 0.7 Dp/Dt)

 Where, Dp = distance from top of deck to the N.A. of the

composite section at the plastic moment.
 Dt = total depth of composite section
 For continuous spans, Mn = 1.3 My. This limit allows for
better design with respect to moment redistributions.
 6.10.7 Flexural Resistance
Composite Sections in Positive Flexure

Non-Compact sections (6.10.7.2)

 At the strength limit state:

 The compression flange must satisfy fbu ≤ f Fnc

 The tension flange must satisfy fbu + fl/3 ≤ f Fnt
 Nominal flexural resistance Fnc = Rb Rh Fyc
 Nominal flexural resistance Fnt= Rh Fyt
 Where,
 Rb = web bend buckling reduction factor
 Rh = hybrid section reduction factor
 6.10.7 Flexural Resistance
Composite Sections in Positive Flexure

 Ductility requirement. Compact and non-compact sections

shall satisfy Dp ≤ 0.42 Dt

 This requirement intends to protect the concrete deck

from premature crushing. The Dp/Dt ratio is lowered to
0.42 to ensure significant yielding of the bottom flange
when the crushing strain is reached at the top of deck.
 6.10 I-Shaped Steel Girder Design

 Composite Sections in Negative Flexure and Non-

composite Sections (6.10.6.2.2)
 Sections with Fyf ≤ 70 ksi
 Web satisfies the non-compact slenderness limit
2 Dc E
 5.7
tw Fyc

 Where, Dc = depth of web in compression in elastic range.

 Designed using provisions for compact or non-compact web
section specified in App. A.
 Can be designed conservatively using Section 6.8
 If you use 6.8, moment capacity limited to My

 If use App. A., get greater moment capacity than My

 6.10.8 Flexural Resistance Composite Sections in
Negative Flexure and Non-Composite Section

 Discretely braced flanges in compression

1
fbu  fl   f Fnc
3

 Discretely braced flanges in tension

1
fbu  fl   f Fnt
3

 Continuously braced flanges: fbu≤ f Rh Fyf

 Compression flange flexural resistance = Fnc shall be taken
as the smaller of the local buckling resistance and the
lateral torsional buckling resistance.
 Tension flange flexural resistance = Fnt = Rh Fyt
 Flange Local buckling or Lateral Torsional
Buckling Resistance

Fn or Mn Inelastic Buckling
(Compact)
Inelastic Buckling
Fmax or Mmax (non-compact)

Fyr or Mr

Elastic Buckling
(Slender)

Lp Lr Lb
pf rf f
 6.10.8 Flexural Resistance Composite Sections in
Negative Flexure and Non-Composite Section

 Fnc Compression flange flexural resistance – local buckling

b fc E E
f   pf  0.38 rf  0.56
2 t fc Fyc Fyr
When,  f   pf Fnc  Rb Rh Fyc
  Fyr    f   pf 
When,  f  rf Fnc  1  1    Rb Rh Fyc
  Rh Fyc   rf   pf 
Fyr  0.7 Fyc
 Fnc Compression flange flexural resistance
Lateral torsional buckling
E E
Lb L p  1.0 rt rf   rt
Fyc Fyr
When, Lb  L p Fnc  Rb Rh Fyc
  Fyr   Lb  L p  
When, Lb  Lr Fnc  Cb 1  1     Rb Rh Fyc  Rb Rh Fyc
  Rh Fyc   Lr  L p  
When, Lb  Lr Fnc  Fcr  Rb Rh Fyc
Where,
2 2
 f   f 
Cb  1.75  1.05  1   0.3  1   2.3
 f2   f2 
Cb Rb  2 E
Fcr  2
 Lb 
 
 rt 
b fc
rt 
 Dt 
12 1  c w 
 3 b fc t fc 
 
Lateral Torsional Buckling
 Unstiffened Web Buckling in Shear

Web plastification in shear

Vn  V p  0.58Fyw D.t w
Inelastic web buckling

Vn  1.48tw2 EFyw

Elastic web buckling

3
4.55t w E
Vn 
D

E E
2.46 3.07
Fy
D/tw
Fy
 6.10.9 Shear Resistance – Unstiffened webs
 At the strength limit state, the webs must satisfy:
Vu ≤ v Vn
 Nominal resistance of unstiffened webs:
Vn = Vcr = C Vp
where, Vp = 0.58 Fyw D tw
 C = ratio of the shear buckling resistance to shear yield strength
k = 5 for unstiffened webs
D Ek
If ,  1.12 ; then C  1.0
tw Fyw
Ek D Ek 1.12 Ek
If , 1.12   1.40 ; then C 
Fyw tw Fyw D Fyw
tw
D Ek 1.57 Ek
If ,  1.40 ; then C  2

tw Fyw D Fyw
 
tw
Tension Field Action

Vn  Vcr  VTFA
Beam Action

Tension Field Action

d0
 6.10.9 Shear resistance – Stiffened Webs
 Members with stiffened webs have interior and end panels.
 The interior panels must be such that
 Without longitudinal stiffeners and with a transverse

stiffener spacing (do) < 3D

 With one or more longitudinal stiffeners and transverse

stiffener spacing (do) < 1.5 D

 The transverse stiffener distance for end panels with or
without longitudinal stiffeners must be do < 1.5 D
 The nominal shear resistance of end panel is
Vn = C (0.58 Fyw D tw)
 For this case – k is obtained using equation shown on next
page and do = distance to stiffener
Shear Resistance of Interior Panels of Stiffened Webs
2 D tw
If the sec tion is proportioned such that :  2.5
 b fc t fc  b ft t ft 
 
 
 0.87 (1  C ) 
Vn  0.58 Fyw D tw C  
  do  
2

 1  D 
   
where, d o  transverse stiffener spacing
5
k  shear buckling coefficient  5  2
 do 
D
 
 
 
 0.87 (1  C ) 
If not , then Vn  0.58 Fyw D t w C  
  do 
2
d 
 1    o 
 D D 
Transverse Stiffener Spacing

D End
Interior panel panel

d o  3D d o  1.5D

do  1.5D
Types of Stiffeners

Transverse
Longitudinal
Intermediate
Stiffener
Stiffener

D
Bearing
Stiffener

do  1.5D do  1.5D
 6.10.11 Design of Stiffeners

 Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners

 Consist of plates of angles bolted or welded to either one or
both sides of the web
 Transverse stiffeners may be used as connection plates for
diaphragms or cross-frames
 When they are not used as connection plates, then they shall
tight fit the compression flange, but need not be in bearing
with tension flange
 When they are used as connection plates, they should be
welded or bolted to both top and bottom flanges
 The distance between the end of the web-to-stiffener weld
and the near edge of the adjacent web-to-flange weld shall
not be less than 4 tw or more than 6 tw.
Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners

Single Plate Angle

Double Plate

Less than 4 tw or more than 6tw

 6.10.11 Design of Stiffeners

 Projecting width of transverse stiffeners must satisfy:

bt ≥ 2.0 + d/30
and bf/4 ≤ bt ≤ 16 tp
 The transverse stiffener’s moment of inertia must satisfy:
It ≥ do tw3 J
where, J = required ratio of the rigidity of one transverse
stiffener to that of the web plate = 2.5 (D/do)2 – 2.0 ≥ 2.5
It = stiffener m.o.i. about edge in contact with web for
single stiffeners and about mid thickness for pairs.
 Transverse stiffeners in web panels with longitudinal
stiffeners must also satisfy:  bt  D 
I t     Il
 bl  3.0 do 
 6.10.11 Design of Stiffeners

 The stiffener strength must be greater than that required for

TFA to develop. Therefore, the area requirement is:
 D  Vu   Fyw 2
As  0.15B (1  C )    18 tw
 t w 
 v n
V  crs
F
where, Fcrs  elastic local buckling stress
0.31E
Fcrs  2
 Fys
 bt 
 
 tp 
 
and , B  1.0 for stiffener pairs
B  1.8 for sin gle angle stiffener
B  2.4 for sin gle plate stiffener

 If this equation gives As negative, it means that the web alone

is strong enough to develop the TFA forces. The stiffener
must be proportions for m.o.i. and width alone
 6.10.11 Design of Stiffeners

 Bearing Stiffeners must be placed on the web of built-up

sections at all bearing locations. Either bearing stiffeners will
be provided or the web will be checked for the limit states of:
 Web yielding – Art. D6.5.2
 Web crippling – Art. D6.5.3
 Bearing stiffeners will consist of one or more plates or
angles welded or bolted to both sides of the web. The
stiffeners will extend the full depth of the web and as closely
as practical to the outer edges of the flanges.
 The stiffeners shall be either mille to bear against the flange
or attached by full penetration welds.
 6.10.11 Design of Stiffeners

 To prevent local buckling before yielding, the following

should be satisfied.
E
bt  0.48t p
Fys

 The factored bearing resistance for the fitted ends of

bearing stiffeners shall be taken as:

 Rsb n  1.4 Apn Fys

 The axial resistance shall be determined per column
provisions. The effective column length is 0.75D
 It is not D because of the restraint offered by the top and

bottom flanges.
6.10.11 Design of Stiffeners

D End
Interior panel panel

d o  3D d o  1.5D
tp

bt

9tw
9tw 9tw
 General Considerations

 Shear studs are needed to transfer the horizontal shear

that is developed between the concrete slab and steel
beam.
 AASHTO-LRFD requires that full transfer (i.e. full
composite action) must be achieved.
 Shear studs are placed throughout both simple and
continuous spans.
 Two limit states must be considered: fatigue and shear.
Fatigue is discussed later.
Strength of Shear Studs

Qr  scQn
0.85

Cross-sectional are of the stud in square inches

Qn  0.5 Asc '

f c Ec  Asc Fu

Minimum tensile strength of the stud (usually 60 ksi)

 Placement

 A sufficient number of shear studs should be placed

between a point of zero moment and adjacent points of
maximum moment.
 It is permissible to evenly distribute the shear studs along
the length they are needed in (between point of inflection
and point of maximum moment), since the studs have the
necessary ductility to accommodate the redistribution that
will take place.
 Miscellaneous Rules

 Minimum length = 4 x stud diameter

 Minimum longitudinal spacing = 4 x stud diameter
 Minimum transverse spacing = 4 x stud diameter
 Maximum longitudinal spacing = 8 x slab thickness
 Minimum lateral cover = 1".
 Minimum vertical cover = 2”.
 Minimum penetration into deck = 2”