PCI 6th Edition

Connection Design
 Presentation Outline

• Structural Steel Design

• Limit State Weld Analysis
• Strut – Tie Analysis for Concrete
Corbels
• Anchor Bolts
• Connection Examples
 Changes

• New method to design headed studs (Headed Concrete

Anchors - HCA)
• Revised welding section
– Stainless Materials
– Limit State procedure presented
• Revised Design Aids (moved to Chapter 11)
• Structural Steel Design Section
– Flexure, Shear, Torsion, Combined Loading
– Stiffened Beam seats
• Strut – Tie methodology is introduced
• Complete Connection Examples
 Structural Steel Design

• Focus on AISC LRFD 3rd Edition

– Flexural Strength
– Shear Strength
– Torsional Strength
– Combined Interaction
• Limit State Methods are carried through
examples
 Structural Steel Details

• Built-up Members
• Torsional Strength
• Beam Seats
 Steel Strength Design

• Flexure

fMp = f·Fy·Zs

Where:
fMp = Flexural Design Strength
Fy = Yield Strength of Material
Zs = Plastic Section Modulus
 Steel Strength Design

• Shear

fVn = f(0.6·Fy)·Aw

Where:
fVp = Shear Design Strength
Aw = Area subject to shear
 Steel Strength Design

• Torsion (Solid Sections)

fTn = f(0.6·Fy)·a·h·t2
Where:
fTp = Torsional Design Strength
a = Torsional constant
h = Height of section
t = Thickness
 Torsional Properties

• Torsional Constant, a
• Rectangular Sections
 Steel Strength Design

• Torsion (Hollow Sections)

fTn = 2·f(0.6·Fy)·Ᾱ·t

Where:
fTp = Torsional Design Strength
Ᾱ = Area enclosed by centerline of walls
t = Wall thickness
 Torsional Properties

• Hollow Sections
Ᾱ = w·d
 Combined Loading Stress

• Normal Stress
P Mc M
fn  , ,
A I S

• Bending Shear Stress

VQ V
fv  ,
bending It A
• Torsion Shear Stress
Tc T T
fv  , ,
torsion J aht 2At
2
 Combined Loading

• Stresses are added based on direction

• Stress Limits based on Mohr’s circle analysis
– Normal Stress Limits
ffun  f  fy
f  0.90

– Shear Stress Limits


ffuv  f  0.60fy 
f  0.90
Built-Up Section Example
 Example

F x
0
TC 0
A tF y A cFy  0

At  Ac
 Determine Neutral Axis Location, y

Tension Area Compression Area

A t  4in  y A c  2  3 in 1in   3 in  y   4in
8  8 
A c  2.25  4  y
4  y  2.25  4  y
Tension = Compression 2.25
y  0.281 in
8
 Define Plastic Section Modulus, Zp

Either Tension or Compression Area x

Distance between the Tension /
Compression Areas Centroids


Zp  A t H  y t  y c 
 Determine Centroid Locations

• Tension
y 0.281
yt    0.14 in
2 2

• Compression __

yc 
 Ay
 0.683 in
A
 Calculate Zp

 
Zp  A t H  y t  y c
Z  4  y H  y  y 
p t c

Zp  4  0.2811.375  0.14  0.683

Zp  0.62 in3
 Beam Seats

• Stiffened Bearing
– Triangular
– Non-Triangular
 Triangular Stiffeners

• Design Strength

fVn=f·Fy·z·b·t

Where:
fVn = Stiffener design
strength
f = Strength reduction
factor = 0.9
b = Stiffener projection
t = Stiffener thickness
z = Stiffener shape factor
 Stiffener Shape Factor

b
0.75   2.0
a

2 3
 b  b  b
z  1.39  2.2    1.27    0.25  
 a  a  a
 Thickness Limitation

b 250

t Fy
 Triangular Stiffener Example

Given:
A stiffened seat connection
shown at right. Stiffener
thickness, ts = 3/8 in.
Fy = 36 ksi
Problem:
Determine the design shear
resistance of the stiffener.
 Shape Factor

b 8
  0.8  0.75 and  1.0
a 10

2 3
 b  b  b
z  1.39  2.2    1.27    0.25  
 a  a  a

     0.25 0.8
2 3
z  1.39  2.2 0.8  1.27 0.8

z  0.315
 Thickness Limitation

b 250

t Fy

8 250
 21.3  41.7
0.375 36

21.3  41.7
 Design Strength

fVn  f  Fy  z  b  t

   
fVn  0.9 36 ksi 0.315 8 in 0.375 in 
fVn  28.9 kips
 Weld Analysis

• Elastic Procedure
• Limit State (LRFD) Design
introduced
• Comparison of in-plane “C” shape
– Elastic Vector Method - EVM
– Instantaneous Center Method – ICM
 Elastic Vector Method – (EVM)

• Stress at each point Px Mz y

calculated by mechanics of fx  
materials principals Aw Ip
Py Mz x
fy  
Aw Ip
Pz Mx y My x
fz   
Aw I xx I yy

fr  fx 2  fy 2  fz2
 Elastic Vector Method – (EVM)

• Weld Area ( Aw ) based on effective throat

• For a fillet weld:

a
Aw  lw
Where: 2
a = Weld Size
lw = Total length of weld
 Instantaneous Center Method (ICM)

• Deformation Compatibility Solution

• Rotation about an Instantaneous Center
 Instantaneous Center Method (ICM)

• Increased capacity
– More weld regions achieve ultimate strength
– Utilizes element vs. load orientation
• General solution form is a nonlinear integral
• Solution techniques
– Discrete Element Method
– Tabular Method
 ICM Nominal Strength

• An elements capacity within the weld group is based

on the product of 3 functions.
– Strength
– Angular Orientation
– Deformation Compatibility

Rn 
j
f  g h
 Strength, f

f  0.6  FEXX  A w

Aw - Weld area based on effective throat

 Angular Orientation, g

Weld capacity increases as the angle of the force

and weld axis approach 90o
Rj  R  g


3
g  1.0  0.5 sin  2
 Deformation Compatibility, h
0.3
r  r 
u  u 
rcritical rcritical
h  1.9  0.9 
  
  a
0.32 0.32
0.209   2 a 0.209   2
 
 

Where the ultimate element deformation u is:

 
0.64
 u  1.087   6 a  0.17a
 Element Force

  
 
3
R n  0.6FEXX A w  1.0  0.5 sin  2

j
 
  
0.3 

 r r 
u    
 rcritical u
rcritical
 1.9  0.9  
  
  a 
0.32 0.32
 0.209   2 a 0.209   2
   
 
 
Where: r and  are functions of the unknown location of
the instantaneous center, x and y
 Equations of Statics
Number of
Elements

F
y
0  R n  Pn  0
yj
j1
Number of

 
Elements

M
IC
0  R n rj  Pn e  r0  0
j
j1
 Tabulated Solution

• AISC LRFD 3rd Edition, Tables 8-5 to 8-12

fVn = C·C1· D·l

Where:
D = number of 16ths of weld size
C = tabulated value, includes f
C1 = electrode strength factor
l = weld length
 Comparison of Methods

• Page 6-47:
 Corbel Design

• Cantilever Beam Method

• Strut – Tie Design Method
• Design comparison
– Results comparison of Cantilever
Method to Strut – Tie Method
• Embedded Steel Sections
 Cantilever Beam Method Steps

Step 1 – Determine maximum allowable shear

Step 2 – Determine tension steel by cantilever
Step 3 – Calculate effective shear friction coeff.
Step 4 – Determine tension steel by shear
friction
Step 5 – Compare results against minimum
Step 6 – Calculate shear steel requirements
 Cantilever Beam Method

• Primary Tension Reinforcement

• Greater of Equation A or B

1   a  h 
Eq. A As   Vu    Nu   
ffy  d   d  

1   2Vu  
Eq. B A s     Nu 
ffy   3 e  

• Tension steel development is critical both in the column and

in the corbel
 Cantilever Beam Method

• Shear Steel

A h  0.5  A s  A n 

• Steel distribution is
within 2/3 of d
 Cantilever Beam Method Steps

Step 1 – Determine bearing area of plate

Step 2 – Select statically determinate truss
Step 3 – Calculate truss forces
Step 4 – Design tension ties
Step 5 – Design Critical nodes
Step 6 – Design compression struts
Step 7 – Detail Accordingly
 Strut – Tie Analysis Steps

Step 1 – Determine of bearing area of

plate
Vu
A pl 
f  0.85  f`c

f  0.75
 Strut – Tie Analysis Steps

Step 2 – Select statically determinate

truss
AC I provides
guidelines for truss
angles, struts, etc.
 Strut – Tie Analysis Steps

Step 3 – Determine of forces in the truss

members

Method of Joints or
Method of Sections
 Strut – Tie Analysis Steps

Step 4 – Design of tension ties

Fnt
As 
ffy
f  0.75
 Strut – Tie Analysis Steps

Step 5 – Design of critical nodal zone

fcu  0.85   n f`c

where:
βn = 1.0 in nodal zones bounded
by structure or bearing areas
= 0.8 in nodal zones
anchoring one tie
= 0.6 in nodal zones
anchoring two or more ties
 Strut – Tie Analysis Steps

Step 6 – Check compressive strut limits

based on Strut Shape
The design compressive
strength of a strut without
compressive reinforcement

fFns = f·fcu·Ac
where:
f = 0.75
Ac = width of corbel
× width of strut
 Strut – Tie Analysis Steps Compression
Strut Strength

• From ACI 318-02, Section A.3.2:

fcu  0.85  s  f`c

Where:
s – function of strut shape / location
= 0.60l, bottle shaped strut
= 0.75, when reinforcement is provided
= 1.0, uniform cross section
= 0.4, in tension regions of members
= 0.6, for all other cases
 Strut – Tie Analysis Steps

Step 7 – Consider detailing to ensure

design technique
 Corbel Example

Given:
Vu = 80 kips
Nu = 15 kips
fy = Grade 60
f′c = 5000 psi
Bearing area – 12 x 6 in.

Problem:
Find corbel depth and reinforcement based on Cantilever
Beam and Strut – Tie methods
 Step 1CBM – Cantilever Beam Method (CBM)

h = 14 in
d = 13 in.
a = ¾ lp = 6 in.

From Table 4.3.6.1

2
Vumax  1000  l A 
     196 kips  80 kips
1000 12 14 14
cr
1000
 Step 2CBM – Tension Steel

• Cantilever Action

1   a  h  1  6  14  
As   Vu    Nu     80    15   
ffy   d   
 d   .75 60   13   13  
 1.18 in2
 Step 3CBM – Effective Shear Friction Coefficient

e  
    
1000  l  b  h   1000 1 14 14 1.4
Vu 80
 3.43  3.4

Use  e  3.4
 Step 4CBM – Tension Steel

• Shear Friction

As 
1   2Vu 
  N

 
1    2 80 


  15

ffy   3 e  u
   
 0.75 60   3 3.4 



 0.68 in2
 Step 5CBM – As minimum

f`c
A s,min  0.4  b  d
ffy
  
 0.4 14 13
5
60
 0.61 in2

As based on cantilever action governs

As = 1.18 in2
 Step 6CBM – Shear Steel

 
   15 
A h  0.5  A s  A n   0.5 1.18 

  
0.75 60 

 0.42 in

Use (2) #3 ties = (4) (0.11 in2) = 0.44 in2

Spaced in top 2/3 (13) = 8 ½ in

 Step 1ST – Strut - Tie Solution (ST)

Determination of bearing plate size and protection

for the corner against spalling

Required plate area:

Vu 80
A bearing  

f 0.85f`c  
0.75 0.85f`c 
 25.1 in2

Use 12 by 6 in. plate, area = 72 in2 > 25.1 in2

 Step 2ST – Truss Geometry

tan R=Nu / Vu = (15)/(80) = 0.19

l1 = (h - d) tanR + aw + (hc - cc)

= (14 - 13)(0.19) + 6 + (14 - 2.25)
= 17.94 in.

l2 = (hc - cc) – ws/2

= (14 - 2.25) - ws/2
= 11.75 - ws/2
 Step 2ST – Truss Geometry

Find ws
Determine compressive force,
Nc, at Node ‘p’:

∑Mm = 0
Vu·l1+Nu·d – Nc·l2=0 [Eq. 1]

(80)(17.94) + (15)(13) – Nc(11.75 – 0.5ws) = 0

[Eq. 2]
 Step 2ST – Truss Geometry

• Maximum compressive stress at the nodal

zone p (anchors one tie, βn = 0.8)

fcu = 0.85·n·f`c = 0.85(0.8)(5)= 3.4 ksi

An = area of the nodal zone
= b·ws = 14ws
 Step 2ST – Determine ws , l2

• From Eq. 2 and 3

0.014Nc2 - 11.75Nc - 1630 = 0

Nc = 175 kips

ws = 0.28Nc = (0.28)(175) = 4.9in

l2 = 11.75 - 0.5 ws
= 11.75 - 0.5(4.9) = 9.3
 Step 3ST – Solve for Strut and Tie Forces

• Solving the truss ‘mnop’ by

statics, the member forces
are:

Strut op = 96.0 kips (c)

Tie no = 68.2 kips (t)
Strut np = 116.8 kips (c)
Tie mp = 14.9 kips (t)
Tie mn = 95.0 kips (t)
 Step 4ST – Critical Tension Requirements

• For top tension tie ‘no’

Tie no = 68.2 kips (t)

Fnt 62
As  
ffy  
0.75 60
 1.52in2

Provide 2 – #8 = 1.58 in2 at the top

 Step 5ST – Nodal Zones

• The width `ws’’ of the nodal zone ‘p ’ has been chosen in

Step 2 to satisfy the stress limit on this zone
• The stress at nodal zone ‘o ’ must be checked against the
compressive force in strut ‘op ’ and the applied reaction, Vu
• From the compressive stress flow in struts of the corbel,
Figure 6.8.2.1, it is obvious that the nodal zone ‘p ’ is
under the maximum compressive stress due to force Nc.
• Nc is within the acceptable limit so all nodal zones are
acceptable.
 Step 6ST – Critical Compression Requirements

• Strut ‘np’ is the most critical strut at node ‘p’.

The nominal compressive strength of a strut
without compressive reinforcement

Fns = fcu·Ac
Where:
Ac = width of corbel × width of strut
 Step 6ST – Strut Width

• Width of strut ‘np’

ws 4.9
Strut Width  o

sin(54.4 ) sin(54.4 o )
 6.03 in
 Step 6ST – Compression Strut Strength

• From ACI 318-02, Section A.3.2:

fcu  0.85  s  f`c

Where - bottle shaped strut, s = 0.60l


fcu  0.85  0.6 1  5  2.55 ksi

    
fFns  f  fcu  Ac  0.75 2.55  14 6.03   161.5 kips

161 kips ≥ 116.8 kips OK

 Step 7ST – Surface Reinforcement

• Since the lowest value of s was used,

surface reinforcement is not required
based on ACI 318 Appendix A
 Example Conclusion

Cantilever Beam Method Strut-and-Tie Method

Embedded Steel Sections
 Concrete and Rebar Nominal Design Strengths

• Concrete Capacity
0.85  f`c b  l e
Vc 
1  3.6e
le
 Concrete and Rebar Nominal Design Strengths

• Additional Tension Compression

Reinforcement Capacity
2  A s  fy
Vr 
6e
le
1
4.8s 1
le
 Corbel Capacity

• Reinforced Concrete


fVn  f Vc  VR 
f  0.75
 Steel Section Nominal Design Strengths

• Flexure - Based on maximum moment in

section; occurs when shear in steel section =
0.0
f  Zs  fy
fVn 
0.5  Vu
a
0.85  f`c b

Where:
b = effective width on embed, 250 % x Actual
f = 0.9
 Steel Section Nominal Design Strengths

• Shear

fVs  f  0.6fy  h  t

where:
h, t = depth and thickness of steel web
f = 0.9
 Anchor Bolt Design

• ACI 318-2002, Appendix D, procedures

for the strength of anchorages are
applicable for anchor bolts in tension.
 Strength Reduction Factor

Function of supplied confinement reinforcement

f = 0.75 with reinforcement

f = 0.70 with out reinforcement
 Headed Anchor Bolts

No = Cbs·AN·Ccrb·Yed,N
Where:
Ccrb = Cracked concrete factor,
1 uncracked, 0.8 Cracked
AN = Projected surface area for a stud or group
Yed,N =Modification for edge distance
Cbs = Breakout strength coefficient
f 'c
Cbs  2.22  l 
3 hef
 Hooked Anchor Bolts

No = 126·f`c·eh·do·Ccrp

Where:
eh = hook projection ≥ 3do
do = bolt diameter
Ccrp = cracking factor (Section 6.5.4.1)
 Column Base Plate Design

• Column Structural Integrity

requirements 200Ag
 Completed Connection Examples

• Examples Based
– Applied Loads
– Component Capacity
• Design of all components
– Embeds
– Erection Material
– Welds
• Design for specific load paths
 Completed Connection Examples

• Cladding “Push / Pull”

• Wall to Wall Shear

• Wall Tension

• Diaphragm to Wall Shear

Questions?