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3/23/1749 - 3/2/1827
M. J. Roberts - All Rights Reserved. Edited by Dr. Robert Akl 7
The Transfer Function
()
Let x t be the excitation and let y t be the response of a()
()
system with impulse response h t . The Laplace transform of
()
y t is
¥ ¥
( ) ò y(t ) e
Y s = - st
dt = ò () ()
é h t * x t ù e- st dt
ë û
-¥ -¥
æ¥ ¥
ö - st
() () (
Y s = ò ç ò h t x t - t dt ÷ e dt )
-¥ è -¥ ø
¥ ¥
( ) ò h (t ) dt ò x (t - t ) e
Y s = - st
dt
-¥ -¥
() () () ò ( ) (
y t = x t *h t = x t h t - t dt = ) ò u t e ()
( ) -4 t -t
u t - t dt ( )
-¥ -¥
ì t -4( t -t ) t
e 4t
- 1 1- e -4t
s + j¥
()
y t =
1
ò
j2p s - j¥
Y s e st
()
ds , s = s + jw
() ()
for finding y t from Y s , but it is rarely used in practice.
Usually inverse Laplace transforms are found by using tables
of standard functions and the properties of the Laplace transform.
() () (
Let x t = rect t = u t + 1 / 2 - u t - 1/ 2 .) ( )
¥ - s/2 - s/2
- s/2 s/2
-
1/2
e e e e
() ()
X s = ò rect t e- st dt = ò e- st dt =
-s
=
s
, All s
-¥ -1/2
Right-Sided Left-Sided
Right-Sided Left-Sided
x (t ) = e u (t - t0 ) , a Î
at
x ( t ) = eb t u ( t 0 - t ) , b Î
x ( t ) = ea t u ( t - t 0 ) , a Î
¥ ¥
X ( s ) = ò ea t e- st dt = ò e(a - s ) t e- jw t dt
t0 t0
X( s) = ò e dt =
e b t - st
ò e( b -s )t - jw t
e dt
-¥ -¥
Repeated Pole
é 10s ù -40
K12 = ê ( s + 4 ) ú = = -8
2
ê
ë (s + 4) 2
( s + 9 ) úû s=-4 5
Using
d m- k é
1
( ) H ( s)ù
m
K qk = s - pq , k = 1, 2, , m
( m - k )! ds m-k
ë û s® pq
1 d 2-1 d é 10s ù
2-1 ë( ) ( ) û s®-4
K11 = é s + 4
2
H s ù =
( 2 - 1)! ds ds êë s + 9 úû s®-4
æ 18 -4t 18 -9t ö
h ( t ) = ç -8te + e - e ÷ u ( t )
-4t
è 5 5 ø
Method 1
s
G ( s) = , s <2
( s - 3) ( s 2
- 4s + 5 )
s
G ( s) = , s <2
( s - 3) ( s - 2 + j ) ( s - 2 - j )
3 / 2 (3 + j) / 4 (3 - j) / 4
G ( s) = - - , s <2
s-3 s-2+ j s-2- j
æ 3 3t 3 + j ( 2- j )t 3 - j ( 2+ j )t ö
g (t ) = ç - e + e + e ÷ø u ( -t )
è 2 4 4
æ 3 3 + j ( 2- j )t 3 - j ( 2+ j )t ö
g ( t ) = ç - e 3t + e + e ÷ u ( -t )
è 2 4 4 ø
This looks like a function of time that is complex-valued. But,
with the use of some trigonometric identities it can be put into
the form
{
g ( t ) = ( 3 / 2 ) e2t éë cos ( t ) + (1 / 3) sin ( t ) ùû - e3t u ( -t ) }
which has only real values.
The denominator of the second term has the form of the Laplace
transform of a damped cosine or damped sine but the numerator
is not yet in the correct form. But by adding and subtracting the
correct expression from that term and factoring we can put it into
the form
3/2 3é s - 2 1/ 3 ù
G ( s) = - ê + ú , s <2
s - 3 2 ë ( s - 2) + 1 ( s - 2) + 1û
2 2
M ethod 2
3/2 3é s - 2 1/ 3 ù
G ( s) = - ê + ú , s <2
s - 3 2 ë ( s - 2) + 1 ( s - 2) + 1 û
2 2
or
3/2 3 s - 5 / 3
G ( s) = - , s <2
s - 3 2 s - 4s + 5
2
This is the same as a result in Method 2 and the rest of the solution
is also the same. The advantage of this method is that all the
numbers are real.
this version and the previous definition is the change of the lower
integration limit from - ¥ to 0 -. With this definition, all the
Laplace transforms of causal functions are the same as before
with the same ROC, the region of the s plane to the right of all
the finite poles.
dt
( x ( t ) )t = 0- = -4.
dt
( )
jw jw
lim H ( jw ) = lim 3 =3 lim H ( jw ) = lim 3 =3
w ®-¥ w ®-¥ jw + 3 w ®+¥ w ®+¥ jw + 3
p
æ pö p p
lim H ( jw ) = - - ç - ÷ = 0 lim H ( jw ) = - =0
w ®-¥ 2 è 2ø w ®+¥ 2 2