Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Eg Hello
Eg Hello
Engineering Graphics
1. SHAPE
2. SIZE
3. MATERIAL
4. TOLERANCE
5. FINISH
Engineering drawings
• Universal language
• Conventions (drawing grammar) simplify
communication; your drawing is at risk if you defy
• CAD packages make formal drawing easy…if you
follow the conventions
• The machinist will laugh at you behind your back if
you show up with a non-standard drawing
Multiview drawings
TOP
RIGHT
FRONT
SIDE
TOP
RIGHT
FRONT
SIDE
TOP
RIGHT
FRONT
SIDE
Object line
Hidden line
Center line
Dimension line
HIDDEN LINES
CENTER LINES
Interpreting Center Lines
A A
YES NO
Working with person sitting next to you copy this and
draw the TOP VIEW
Possible Geometries
OK
Wrong
Preferred
“True” section
DIMENSIONING
1. SHAPE
2. SIZE
3. MATERIAL
4. TOLERANCE AND FINISH
• Conventions exist for
5
Under/Over Dimensioning
5 5
3 3
2 3
5 5
Dimensioning rules:
…find the mistakes.
5
5
3 3
2
3
5
5
Dimensioning guidelines
A B
6.0 6.0
4.0 4.1
www.mcmaster.com
Dimensioning Choices & Design Intent
If change width of block to 8, what happens to the hole location?
A B
6 6
2 4
2 2
6 6
Placement conventions
extension line
dimension
small gap
dimension line
6.2
arrow touches
Lettering: 1 or 2 directions only
1.00
.50
.50
.50
1.000
no break in line
2.000
1.000
.375 .500
2.007 no gaps
All on one side
2.739
2.739
YES NO
Dimensioning Rounds
0.25
0.75
R 0.125
www.efunda.com/processes/machining/drill.cfm
www.efunda.com/processes/machining/drill_press.cfm
Tolerances
• Matter because parts cannot be made to an exact
dimension
• Must specify dimension tolerance so that every
part A fits every part B
• Higher tolerance = higher cost
• A ½ inch hole made on an ordinary drill press gives
you a hole in the range 0.496 to 0.504 (+/- 0.004).
For higher precision, drill undersize and use a
reamer…but it will cost you more and take longer
to fabricate.
½ inch drill bit: +/- .0040
1.7
9.6
Representing tolerances
1.005
1.000 .995
3.005
3.000 2.995
14.75
?
15.25
3.0 ±.1
4.0 ±.1
Chain or Baseline Dimensioning
3.0 ±.1
4.0 ±.1
1. Will all shafts fit into all holes?
Holes and shafts 2. What is maximum clearance?
hole
shaft
.626 .623
.625 .622
.626 .623
.625 .622
.626 .623
.625 .622
+ .0012 - .0008
1.0000 1.0000
- .0000 - .0016
Dimension Tolerance
X.X ± 0.1
X.XX ± 0.05
X.XXX ± 0.001
Design Detail
Bent aluminum sheet, 1/16” thick
A or B: Which is more expensive and why?
4.0 +-
{ 0.030
0.003
A
B
Tolerance vs. Cost
1.00 ±.075
$
1.00 ±.05
$
1.000 ±.005 $$
1.000 ±.005
3.000 ±.005
? ?
Ambiguity…
.25 ± .01
.25 ± .01
+ +
.01
.25
• Ideal position of hole. .25, is marked with box and no +/- notation.
• Feature control box shows how close hole is to exact; within circular tolerance zone with diameter .01
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
.25
GD&T Resources
ME2011 website:
https://sites.google.com/a/u
mn.edu/me2011/resources
• Efunda tutorial:
http://www.efunda.com/de
signstandards/gdt
Threaded Fasteners
What they are and how to indicate on a drawing
Threaded Fasteners
• Holes
• Threads
• Threaded fasteners
Holes
DEPTH
0.75 REF
19 DRILL – THRU
or
O .166
Threads
http://www.machinist.org/harvard_cotreau/mshop6.html
http://www.americanfastener.com/technical/thread_terminology.asp
Threaded Fasteners (screws, bolts)
• Specify diameter,
thread, length, head
1/4-20 x 1, RHMS
ROUND HEAD
1/4" DIA 1" LONG MACHINE SCREW
20 THREADS
PER INCH
Common screw thread sizes
Unified Thread Standard
• 2-56 • 1/4-20
• 4-40 • 3/8-16
• 6-32 • 1/2-13
• 8-32 • 5/8-11
• 10-24 • 3/4-10
Pan
Socket head
Flat
cap screw
(SHCS)
Phillips
Hex head
Torx
(Allen head)
McMaster-Carr
www.mcmaster.com
Name the Fastener:
Name the Fastener:
Socket Head
Cap Screw
Socket Head
Cap Screw
with counterbore
Socket Head
Cap Screw
with
counterbore
Phillips Flat
Head Screw
with
countersink
Set Screw
Countersunk,
Phillips Flat
head
Convention for screws
“SCHEMATIC” “SIMPLIFIED”
Convention for threaded holes
6-32 THRU
TOP
FRONT
FRONT
SECTION
Blind threaded holes
1/2 – 13 x 1.325 DEEP
.4219 1.50
1/2 – 13 1.325
THREAD DEPTH
DRILL DEPTH
Countersunk holes
.562 – 82O CSK, 1.125
.562
1.125 x 82O
Counterbored holes
19 DRILL – 29 CBORE, 14 DEEP
19
29 14
C-BORE DEPTH
Other Items for Drawings
Leaders & notes
NOTE B
TITLE BLOCKS
• Basic
• Title
• Name
• Date
• Units
• Optional
• Company name, sheet number, scale, tolerances,
material, finish....
• Follow your company standards
MY PART
W. DURFEE 10/2/2014
ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
A title block using a company template www.classic-components.co.uk
Production Drawings
Many types of drawings can be produced from
the CAD database
ASSEMBLY
SKETCHES MODEL
SKETCHES
DETAIL
SKETCHES DETAIL
DETAIL
DETAIL
DETAIL
MFG
BOM MANUALS
PROCESS