Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates Contain the Elements:

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

They Are Split Into Three Groups Known As:

Monosaccharides(Monomers)
Disaccharides(Dimers)
Polsaccharides(Polymers)
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones,or
substances that yield such compounds on Hydrolysis
As a major energy source for living organisms
As a means of transporting energy
As a structural material
As a precursor for other biomolecules
 Classification of carbohydrates

• Classification of carbohydrates
• Simple sugar
– Monosaccharide
– Disaccharides
• Complex carbohydrates
– Starch
– Glycogen
– cellulose(a form of fibers)
 Chemistry of carbohydrates
 Another types of classification is based on the hydrolysis of certain carbohydrates
to simpler Carbohydrates I.e based on the number of sugar unit s in total chains
 Monosaccharide:- single sugar unit
 Disaccharides two sugar unit
 Oligosaccharides 3 to 10 sugar unit
 Polysaccharides more than 10 sugar units
• Monosaccharide's Have the general formula of CnH2nOn Or (CH2O)n with one of
the carbons being the carbonyl group of either an aldehyde or ketone.
 the most monosaccharide have three to eight carbon atoms.
 The suffix –ose indicates that a molecule is carbohydrates and the prefix tri-,
tert-, pent- ,and so forth indicates the numbers of carbon atom on the chains
 Monosaccharides are classified according to the number of carbon atoms they
contain:
 No. ofcarbons Class ofMonosaccharide
 3 triose
 4 tetrose
 5 pentose
 6 hexose
 Monosaccharides(monos)
The Most Important Monosaccharide Is Glucose.

• A Monosaccharide is made up of 1 sugar unit.

• Monos are reducing sugars.
• Fructose and Galactose are all so
• Monosaccharides, They all have the same chemical formula but different
structures.
Monosaccharide containing aldehyde group classified as aldose sugar: those
containing ketone group is called ketose
 A ketoses can also be indicated with the suffix ulose: thus a five carbon
ketose is termed as pentulose
Monosaccharide cannot be converted into simple carbohydrates on hydrolysis
Example glucose, fructose, galactose etc
• Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharide units
• linked together by a covalent bond called glycosidic bond
• The most common disaccharides are Sucrose, maltose, lactose
• All are isomers with molecular formula C12H22O11
• On hydrolysis they give two monosaccharide which soluble in H2O
• Even though they are soluble in water, they are too large to pass through the cell
membrane.
 1.Maltose
• Maltose comes from the
hydrolysis of large polymeric
oligosaccharides such as starch
and glycogen and is in turn
hydrolyzed to two glucose
molecule by .
• Sucrase, lactase, and maltase are
located on the outer surfaces of
epithelial cells lining the small
intestine
 Maltose conti---
• Cellobiose is an isomer of maltose.
• It differs from maltose only in having the β
configuration at C-1 of the left glucose unit.
Otherwise, all other structural features are
identical, including a link from C-1 of the left unit
to the hydroxyl group at C-4 in the right unit.
 2. Lactose
• Lactose, the disaccharide of milk,
consists of galactose joined to glucose
by glycosidic linkage.
• Lactose is hydrolyzed to these
monosaccharides by in
human beings and by
in bacteria.
 Lactose is formed in the urine of
pregnant women, and it gives a
positive test with Cu2+ containing
reagents since it is a reducing sugar.
 3. Sucrose
• Sucrose is the common table sugar
• Is obtained commercially from
sugar cane or sugar beets.
• The anomeric carbon atoms of a
glucose unit and a fructose unit are
joined in this disaccharide;
• The configuration of this glycosidic
linkage is for glucose and for
fructose.
• Sucrose can be cleaved into its
component monosaccharides by
the enzyme .
 Reducing Properties

• Disaccharides with 1,4 linkage are reducing

because they have a free aldehyde group in
one of the two monosaccharides.
• Lactose & maltose are reducing sugars.
• Sucrose with 1,2 linkage, no aldehyde or
ketone group is free, therefore sucrose is a
nonreducing sugar
 Glucose
 The chemical formula for glucose is C6H12O6.
 It is a six sided ring.
 The structure on the left
is a simplified structure of
glucose