Part 1

Introduction To Bridge Design

1
 How Do Bridge Engineers Decide
On What Type Of Bridge To Build?
Bridge Survey Factors affecting choice of superstructure
• flood plain cross sections • location, city or rural
• inspection reports • span length
• existing bridge (scour, etc) • vertical clearance
• water elevations • maintainability
• photos • environmental concerns
• existing roadway profile • transportation to site issues
• cost
Geotechnical Report Factors affecting choice of substructure
• soil / geological formations • location and geometry
• slopes and grading • subsoil conditions
• foundation problems • height of column
• soil prop.’s - phi angles etc

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 Bridge Design Process
Preliminary Design Process
• Bridge Survey
• Geotechnical Report
1. Determine the most
economical type structure and
span arrangement
2. Hydraulic Analysis
3. Preliminary Cost Estimate
4. Foundation Borings
5. Determine Foundation Type
Final Design Process
• Top to Bottom Design (twice)
• Design methods per AASHTO and
MoDOT Bridge Manual
• Analysis via
•computations
•spreadsheets
•computer programs
• Detail plans are produced by technicians
(Micro-Station)
• Plans are checked
• Quantities computed
• Special Provisions written
• Plans are advertised for bidding
• Low Bid Contractor builds the bridge
3
 Types of Superstructures
Bridges are often referred to by their superstructure types.
The superstructure system of members carry the roadway over a crossing
and transfer load to a substructure.

Superstructures are categorized by;

• Support type (simply supported or continuous)
• Design type (slab on stringer, slab, arch. Rigid frame, etc)
• Material type (steel, concrete, timber)

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 Slab on Stringer Bridges
• Most common type of bridge in Missouri.
• Consist of a deck, resting on the girders. The deck distributes the
loads transversely to the girders.
• The girders carry the loads longitudinally (down the length of the
bridge) to the supports, (abutments and intermediate bents).

• Concrete • Steel
• Deck Girder
• Plate Girder
• Prestressed I Girder
• Wide Flange
• Prestressed Double Tee
• Steel Box Girder
• Prestressed Box

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 Prestressed Girders
I - GIRDER

BULB TEE

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Prestressed Concrete I-Girder

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Prestressed Concrete I-Girder Bridge

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Prestressed Concrete Panels

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Prestressed Double Tee Girders

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Steel Plate Girder / Wide Flange Beam / Box Beam

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Steel Plate Girder Bridge

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 Slab Bridges
In slab bridges the deck itself is the structural frame or the entire deck is a thin
beam acting entirely as one primary member. These types are used where
depth of structure is a critical factor.
Typical Slab Bridges : Concrete Box Culverts Solid Slabs Voided Slabs

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Triple Box Culvert

Box 14
Culvert
Voided Slab Bridge

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Voided Slab Bridge

Solid Slab
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 Substructures
The substructure transfers the superstructure loads to the foundations.
End Abutments
• Integral Abutment - girders on beam supported by piles, girders “concreted” into the
diaphragm
• Non-Integral Abutment - diaphragms of steel cross-frames, uses expansion devices
• Semi-Deep Abutment - used when spanning divided highways to help shorten span
• Open C.C. Abutment - beam supported by columns and footings, rarely used
Intermediate bents
• Open Concrete Bent - beams supported by columns and footings (or drilled shafts)
either a concrete diaphragm (Pre-Stressed Girder) or steel diaphragm (Plate Girder)
This is the most common type of Pier MoDOT uses.
• Pile Cap Bent - beams supported by piling (HP or C.I.P.) and are used when the
column height is less than 15 feet and usually in rural areas.
• Hammer Head Bent - single oval or rectangular column and footing.
• Spread footings - are used when rock or soil can support the structure.
• Pile footings - rectangular c.c. supported by HP or Cast in Place piles
• Drilled Shafts - holes drilled into bedrock filled with concrete
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Integral End Abutment

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Semi-Deep End Abutment

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Prestressed I-girder intermediate bent

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Steel girders with open intermediate
bent diaphragms

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Pile Cap Column Footing

Footing

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Column Footing

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 Preliminary Design
• Bridge location
• Hydraulic design to determine required
bridge length and profile grade
• Bridge type selection

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Stream Gage Data

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Flood-Frequency Rating Curve
160000
Discharge (cfs)

120000

80000

40000

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

Return period (years)

26
 Rational Method

Q  kc  C  I  A
Q = discharge (cfs or m3/s)
kc = constant (1.0 for English units or
0.00278 for metric units)
C = Runoff Coefficient
I = Rainfall Intensity (in/hr or mm/hr)
A = Drainage Area (acres or hectares)
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Drainage Area Delineation

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Stream Valley Cross-sections
n1 n2 n3

Right
Left Overbank
Overbank

Channel

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 Manning’s Equation
1.486 2
Q  A  R 3  S0
n
n = Roughness Coefficient
A = Area
R = Hydraulic Radius = A / P
P = Wetted Perimeter
S = Hydraulic Gradient (channel slope)

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Stream Valley Cross-sections
n1 n2 n3

Right
Left Overbank
Overbank

Channel

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 Energy Equation
V12 V22
z1  y1   z 2  y2   hl
2g 2g
1 2

Velocity V12/2g EGL hl Headloss

HGL V22/2g Velocity

Pressure y1
y2
Pressure

Elevation z1
z2 Elevation
Datum 32
Constriction of Valley by Bridge
Bridge Deck/Roadway

Opening Length

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Encroachment by Roadway Fill
Encroachment Bridge Opening Encroachment

Fill Fill

Flood elevation
before encroachment
Backwater on floodplain

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 Affect of Bridge on Flood
Elevations
Backwater Design High Water
Surface (DHW)
Normal Water
Surface

Water Surface through Structure

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 Part 2

Slab Design

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 Geometry & Loads
Deck Weight = Width x Thickness x Unit Weight
1 ft x (8.5in x12 in/ft) x 150 lb/cf = 106 lb/ft

16k 16k

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38
39
 Design Moment
• MDL1 = wS2/10 = 0.106 x 82 / 10 = 0.678
• MDL2 = wS2/10 = 0.035 x 82 / 10 = 0.224
• MLL = 0.8(S+2)P/32 = 0.8(8+2)(16)/32 = 4
• MImp = 30% x MLL = 1.2
• Mu = 1.3[0.678+0.224+1.67(4+1.2)] = 12.4

Design For 12.4 k-ft/ft

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Statics, Moment, Shear, Stress?

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 Reinforced Concrete Design
• Basic Equations For Moment Utilize Whitney
Stress Block Concept
Design Moment = Capacity
12.4 k-ft/ft = f As fy(d-a/2) f = 0.90

Compression = Tension
0.85f’cba = As fy

Two Simultaneous Equations, Two Unknowns (a & As)

Comp.
c = a / b1
c
d

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Tens.
 Reinforced Concrete Design
• (0.85)(4ksi)(12in)(a)=(As)(60ksi) a=1.47As
• 12.4k-ft=(0.9)(As)(60ksi)(6in-1.47As/2)/(12in/ft)
• 12.4=27As-3.31As2
• ax2+bx+c=0 a=3.31, b=-27, c=12.4, x=As
• As = [-b - (b2 - 4ac)1/2]/2a
• As = [-27 - ((-27)2-(4)(3.31)(12.4))1/2]/[(2)(3.31)]
• As = 0.49 in2/ft Comp.
c = a / b1
• 5/8” rebar at 7.5 in centers

c
d
Tens.

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 Part 3

Steel Beam Design

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Simple Span Beam – 50 ft span

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Dead Load = Beam Weight + Deck Weight

46
Live Load = HS20 Truck x Distribution Factor
Distribution Factor = S/5.5

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Design Moment = 2358 kip-ft

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Design Shear = 214 kips

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 Steel Girder Design
• Design Moment = 2358 k-ft
• Design Shear = 214 kips
• Limit Bending Stress
Due To Moment

• Limit Shear Stress

Due to Shear
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51
 Girder Design
• Moment Of Inertia (I)
– 1/12bh3+Ad2
– Parallel Axis Theorem
• Section Modulus = S = I/c
• Stress = Moment/Section Modulus (M/S)
• For Strength Design – Limit Stress to Fy
• Find Shape With S > M/Fy
• S > (2358k-ft)(12in/ft)/50ksi = 566 in3
• A W36x170 Provides 580 in3
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 Part 4

Intermediate Bent Design

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 Load Cases
• Permanent Loads: • Transient Loads:
– DD = Downdrag – SE = Settlement
– DC = Dead Load – BR = Braking
Component – CE = Centrifugal Force
– DW = Dead Load – CT = Vehicular
Wearing Surface Collision
– EH = Horizontal Earth – CV = Vessel Collision
– ES = Earth Surcharge – EQ = Earthquake
– EV = Vertical Earth – IC = Ice Load
– EL = Locked In Forces – FR = Friction
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 Load Cases (Cont.)
• Transient Loads: • Transient Loads:
– LL = Live Load – TG = Temperature
– IM = Dynamic Load Gradient
– LS = Live Load – TU = Uniform
Surcharge Temperature
– PL = Pedestrian Load – CR = Creep
– WL = Wind On Live – SH = Shrinkage
Load – WA = Water Load
– WS = Wind On
Structure
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 DC
Load Combinations
Use One of These at a Time
DD LL
DW IM
EH CE
EV BR TU
Load Combination ES PL CR
Limit State EL LS WA WS WL FR SH TG SE EQ IC CT CV
STRENGTH I
(unless noted) gp 1.75 1.00 -- -- 1.00 0.50/1.20 gTG gSE -- -- -- --

STRENGTH II gp 1.35 1.00 -- -- 1.00 0.50/1.20 gTG gSE -- -- -- --

STRENGTH III gp -- 1.00 1.40 -- 1.00 0.50/1.20 gTG gSE -- -- -- --
STRENGTH IV gp -- 1.00 -- -- 1.00 0.50/1.20 -- -- -- -- -- --
STRENGTH V gp 1.35 1.00 0.40 1.0 1.00 0.50/1.20 gTG gSE -- -- -- --
EXTREME EVENT I gp gEQ 1.00 -- -- 1.00 -- -- -- 1.00 -- -- --
EXTREME EVENT II gp 0.50 1.00 -- -- 1.00 -- -- -- -- 1.00 1.00 1.00
SERVICE I 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.30 1.0 1.00 0.50/1.20 gTG gSE -- -- -- --
SERVICE II 1.00 1.30 1.00 -- -- 1.00 0.50/1.20 -- -- -- -- -- --
SERVICE III 1.00 0.80 1.00 -- -- 1.00 0.50/1.20 gTG gSE -- -- -- --
SERVIE IV 1.00 -- 1.00 0.70 -- 1.00 0.50/1.20 -- 1.0 -- -- -- --
FATIGUE – LL, IM &
-- 0.75 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
CE ONLY

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Water (WA) – Strength
Contraction Scour
100 year
Q100
P

Resultant

½h
M
Pier Scour
100 year

M = (Pbh)(½h)
= ½ Pbh2

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Water (WA) - Extreme Event (Cont.)
B
CD=0.5
Contraction Scour

Drift Mat
500 year

Q500


Force  0.5V
2
(B)

A
1000

b

Force  0.7V
2

1000
(b)
CD=0.7

Pressure = CDV2/1000
Pier Scour

A = ½ Of Water Depth ≤ 10’

500 year

B = ½ Sum Of Adjacent Span Length ≤ 45’

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Wind on Structure (WS)
W PVert. = (20psf)(W)(L)
P(WS)Vert. PTrans. = (50psf)(H)(L)
¼W
PLong. = (12psf)(H)(LT)(%)

½H
P(WS)Trans.

H
P(WS)Long. PSub. = (40psf)(b)
L = Tributary Length
PSub.
LT = Total Bridge Length
% = Long. Distribution %
b = Column Or Cap Width

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Wind on Live Load (WL)
P(WL)Trans.
PTrans. = (100plf)(L)
P(WL)Long.
6’
PLong. = (40plf)(LT)(%)
L = Tributary Length
LT = Total Bridge Length
% = Long. Distribution %

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Int. Bent Analysis

61
Cap Beam - Strength Limit State
• Basic Equations For Moment Utilize Whitney
Stress Block Concept
– f Mn = f As fy(d-a/2)
– f = 0.90
Comp.
c = a / b1
c
de

Tens.

62
 Cap Beam – Service Limit State
• Crack Control
700g e dc
– s  2dc b s  1
b s fs 0.7(h  dc )
– dc = Concrete Cover To Center Of Closest Bar
– fs = Service Tensile Stress In Reinforcement
– h = Overall Section Thickness
– ge = 1.00 For Class 1 Exposure (Crack Width = 0.017”)
= 0.75 For Class 2 Exposure (Crack Width = 0.013”)

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 Cap Beam Service Limit State
• Crack Control Is Based On A Physical Model
fc1 fc1 fc1
x
h

dc

fs/n fs/n fs/n

fc2 fc2 fc2

Primary Tension
Crack l l
Reinforcement
Spacing
s s
dc

l= 2 d  s
c
2
 2 =16.03”
2

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 Simplified Shear Design
• LRFD 0.0
– f Vn = f (Vc + Vs + Vp)(kips) f = 0.90
A v f y dv (cotq  cota )sina
– Vc  0.0316 b f 'c b v dv Vs 
s
– a Set At 90°
– Set: b=2.0, q =45°
– Multiply V c By 1000 To Convert To Lbs
A v f y dv
– Results In: Vc  2.00 f 'c bv dv Vs 
s

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 Simplifed Shear Design
400

200

-200

-400
6 - #9’s

#5’s @

(Each Face)
12” or 6”

5 - #6’s
A

A 6 - #9’s

Section A-A
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 Column Design
P (kip)
3500
(P max)

18-#9 Bars

Column
Controlling Point
42” Diameter

1800
M (k-ft)

-1000 (P min)

Axial Load – Moment Interaction Diagram

67