National Taiwan University

Department of Civil Engineering

Introduction to Seismic Design of Structures
(14-1)

Damping Modification for Spectrum

Lap-Loi Chung (鍾立來)
National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering
Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University
Civil Engineering, National Cheng Kung University
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
Damping modification factor: 阻尼修正係數
Damping modification factor for short-period
structure: 短週期阻尼修正係數
Damping modification factor for 1-second-period
structure: 一秒週期阻尼修正係數

2
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
Damping of structure dissipates energy induced by
excitation and reduces structural responses.
The higher the damping, the more the energy
dissipated, the lower the structural responses and
the smaller the seismic force.

   Sa   V 

3
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
If damping ratio different from 5%,
For short-period structure, damping modification
factor for design spectrum is 1/BS.
For 1-second-period structure, damping
modification factor for design spectrum is 1/B1.
Seismic Design Codes
Section 3.2
BS: damping modification factor of design
spectrum for short-period structure.
B1: damping modification factor of design
spectrum for 1-second-period structure.
4
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
Damping modification factor for design spectrum
Effective damping ratio ζ(%) BS B1
<2 0.80 0.80
5 1.00 1.00
Seismic 10 1.33 1.25
Design
Codes 20 1.60 1.50
Table 3.1 30 1.79 1.63
40 1.87 1.70
>50 1.93 1.75
If damping ratio other than stated, linear
interpolation applied.    BS , B1  5
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
If damping ratio equal to 5%,
modification factors for short-period BS and 1-
second-period structure B1 are 1, design spectrum
not modified.   5%  BS  1, B1  1
If damping ratio lower than 5%,
modification factors for short-period BS and l-
second-period structure B1 are smaller than 1,
design spectrum scaled up.   5%  BS  1, B1  1
If damping ratio higher than 5%,
modification factors for short-period BS and l-
second-period structure B1 are greater than 1,
design spectrum scaled down.   5%  B  1, B  1
S 1 6
Design Basis Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Design basis spectral acceleration SaD (unit: g)
SDS (0.4  3T T0D ), T  0.2T0D
 S D1
SDS , 0.2T0  T  T0
D D T0 
D

SaD   S DS
S
 D1 T , T 0
D
 T  2.5 T0
D

0.4 SDS , 2.5T0D  T Seismic Design Codes

Table 2-5(a)
S DS  Fa(D) N A(D) SSD
S D1  F
v
(D)
N (D) D
V S 1

Fundamental vibration
period: T (unit: s)
Damping ratio ζ:
0.05 (5%) 7
Design Basis Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Design basis spectral acceleration SaD (unit: g)
S DS [0.4  (1 BS  0.4)T 0.2T0(D) ], T  0.2T0(D)

S DS BS , 0.2T0  T  T0
(D) (D)
SaD 
S
 D1 1 B T , T0
(D)
 T  2.5T 0
(D)
Seismic Design Codes
0.4 S DS BS , 2.5T0  T(D)
Table 3-2
S DS S D1 S D1 S D1 BS
S DS  S D1  T 
0
D
 T0 
(D)

BS B1 S DS S DS B1
BS: damping modification factor for
short-period structures
B1: damping modification factor for 1-
second period structure 8
Design Basis Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Design basis spectral acceleration SaD (unit: g)
S DS [0.4  (1 BS  0.4)T 0.2T0(D) ], T  0.2T0(D)

S DS BS , 0.2T0  T  T0
(D) (D)
SaD 
S
 D1 1 B T , T0
(D)
 T  2.5T 0
(D)
Seismic Design Codes
0.4 S DS BS , 2.5T0  T(D)
Table 3-2

S DS S D1
S DS  S D1 
BS B1

S D1 S D1 BS
T 
0
D
 T0 
(D)

S DS S DS B1
EPA
9
 Example
The site locates at Ruisui (瑞穗) Township, Hualien
(花蓮) County. Find design basis spectral
acceleration of site for damping ratios 2, 5, 10, 20
and 40%. S ? aD
SDS  1.136 SD1  0.711 T  S D1 S DS  0.626 s
0
D

S DS [0.4  (1 BS  0.4)T 0.2T0(D) ], T  0.2T0(D)


S DS BS , 0.2T0  T  T0
(D) (D)
SaD 
S
 D1 1 B T , T0
(D)
 T  2.5T 0
(D)

0.4 S DS BS , 2.5T0(D)  T
S D1 BS
T0 
(D)

S DS B1
10
 Example
Design basis spectral acceleration of site for SaD  ?
damping ratios 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40%.
SDS  1.136 SD1  0.711 T0D  0.626 s T (D)

S D1 BS
0
S DS B1

damping ratio ζ(%) BS B1 SDS/BS SD1/B1 T0(D) (s)

2 0.80 0.80 1.420 0.889 0.626
5 1.00 1.00 1.136 0.711 0.626
10 1.33 1.25 0.854 0.569 0.666
20 1.60 1.50 0.710 0.474 0.668
40 1.87 1.70 0.607 0.418 0.688

   BS , B1 
11
 Example
Design basis spectral acceleration of site for SaD  ?
damping ratios 2, 5, 10, 20, and 40%. SDS  1.136
Design spectral acceleration
1.6
=2%
SD1  0.711
2% =5%
1.4
=10%
T0D  0.626 s
=20% S D1 BS
T0 
1.2 (D)
=40%

1
S DS B1
SaD (g)

0.8
   BS , B1 
0.6
40%
EPA
0.4
   S aD 
0.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
T (sec)
12
 Design Basis Spectrum for Taipei Basin
Design basis spectral acceleration for Taipei Basin
SaD (unit: g) S DS (0.4  3T T0D ), T  0.2T0D

 DS
S , 0 .2T D
 T  T D
SaD  0 0

 DS 0
S T D
T , T0
D
 T  2 .5T0
D

0.4S DS , 2.5T0D  T
S DS T0D
Seismic Design Codes
Table 2-7(a)
Fundamental vibration period of structure:
T (unit: s)
Damping ratio of structure: 0.05 (5%)
13
 Design Basis Spectrum for Taipei Basin
Design basis spectral acceleration for Taipei Basin
SaD (unit: g)
S DS [( 0.4  (1 BS  0.4)T 0.2T0(D) ], T  0.2T0(D)

 DS S
S B , 0.2 T (D)
 T  T (D)
SaD  0 0

S T
 DS 0
(D)
BST , T0
(D)
 T  2. 5T0
(D)

0.4S DS BS , 2.5T0(D)  T Seismic Design Codes

Table 3-3
S DS
S DS 
BS
T0D BS
T0D  T0(D)  EPA
B1
14
Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Maximum considered spectral acceleration SaM
(unit: g) S M1
M
S MS (0.4  3T T0M ), T  0.2T0M T0 
S MS

 MS
S , 0 .2T M
 T  T M
SaM  0 0

 M1
S T , T 0
M
 T  2. 5T0
M
Seismic Design Codes
0.4S MS , 2.5T0M  T Table 2-5(b)

S MS  Fa(M) N A(M) SSM

S M1  F v
(M)
N (M) M
V S 1
Fundamental vibration
period: T (unit: s)
Damping ratio ζ: 0.05 (5%)
15
 Maximum Considered Spectrum for Site Class 1, 2 or 3
Maximum considered spectral acceleration SaM
(unit: g)
 S MS [0.4  (1 BS  0.4)T 0.2T0(M) ], T  0.2T0(M)

 MS S
S B , 0.2 T (M)
 T  T (M)
SaM  0 0

S
 M1 1 B T , T 0
(M)
 T  2.5 T 0
(M)

Seismic Design Codes

0.4S MS BS , 2.5T0(M)  T
Table 3-2
S MS S M1
S MS  S M1 
BS B1

S M1 S M1 BS
T0
M
  T0 
(M)
EPA
S MS S MS B1
16
 Example
The site locates at Ruisui (瑞穗) Township, Hualien
(花蓮) County. Find maximum considered spectral
acceleration of site for damping ratios 2, 5, 10, 20,
and 40%. S ? aM
S MS  1.32 SM1  0.869 T0M  0.658 s

S MS [0.4  (1 BS  0.4)T 0.2T0(M) ], T  0.2T0(M)


S MS BS , 0.2T0  T  T0
(M) (M)
SaM 
 M1 1
S B T , T0
(M)
 T  2.5T 0
(M)

0.4S MS BS , 2.5T0(M)  T S M1 BS
T0 
(M)

Seismic Design Codes S MS B1

Table 3-2 17
 Example
The site locates at Ruisui (瑞穗) Township, Hualien
(花蓮) County. Find maximum considered spectral
acceleration of site for damping ratios 2, 5, 10, 20,
and 40%. T 
S M1 BS
S aM  ?
(M)
S MS  1.32 SM1  0.869
M
T0  0.658 s 0
S MS B1
damping ratio ζ(%) BS B1 SMS/BS SM1/B1 T0(M) (s)
2 0.80 0.80 1.650 1.086 0.658
5 1.00 1.00 1.320 0.869 0.658
10 1.33 1.25 0.992 0.695 0.700
20 1.60 1.50 0.825 0.579 0.702
40 1.87 1.70 0.706 0.511 0.724
   BS , B1  18
 Example
Find maximum considered spectral acceleration of
site for damping ratios 2, 5, 10, 20, and 40%.
1.8
Maximum considered spectral acceleration S aM  ?
2% =2%
1.6 =5%
S MS  1.32
=10%
SM1  0.869
1.4 =20%

1.2
=40% T0M  0.658 s
S M1 BS
SaM (g)

1 T0 
(M)

S MS B1
0.8

0.6 40%    BS , B1 
EPA
0.4
   SaM 
0.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
T (sec) 19
Maximum considered Spectrum for Taipei Basin
Maximum considered spectral acceleration for
Taipei Basin SaM (unit: g)
SMS (0.4  3T T0M ), T  0.2T0M

 MS
S , 0.2T M
 T  T M
S aM SaM   0 0
S MS
 SMST0 T , T0  T  2.5T0
M M M

S MST0M T 0.4 S , 2.5T M  T

 MS 0
S MS T0M
0 .4 S M S 0 .4 S M S
Seismic Design Codes
M M M T Table 2-7(b)
0 .2T
0
T
0
2 .5T
0
Fundamental vibration period of structure:
T (unit: s)
Damping ratio of structure: 0.05 (5%)
20
Maximum considered Spectrum for Taipei Basin
Maximum considered spectral acceleration for
Taipei Basin SaM (unit: g)
 S MS [( 0.4  (1 BS  0.4)T 0.2T0(M) ], T  0.2T0(M)

 MS S
S B , 0.2T (M)
 T  T (M)
SaM  0 0

 S MST0 BST , T0  T  2.5T0

(M) (M) (M)

0.4S MS BS , 2.5T0(M)  T Seismic Design Codes

Table 3-3
S MS
S MS 
BS
T0M BS
T0M  T0(M)  EPA
B1
21
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
Damping modification for spectral acceleration
(unit: g)
1. From damping ratio, look up Table 3-1 of
Seismic Design Codes to get damping
modification factor of design spectrum for short-
period structures BS and 1-second-period
structure B1.

22
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
Damping modification for spectral acceleration
(unit: g)
2a. From design basis spectral acceleration of site
for short-period structure SDS, 1-second-period
structure SD1, BS and B1 , get design basis spectral
acceleration SaD for site class 1, 2 or 3.
S DS [0.4  (1 BS  0.4)T 0.2T0(D) ], T  0.2T0(D)

S DS BS , 0.2T0  T  T0
(D) (D)
SaD  S D1 BS
S D1 B1T , T0  T  2.5T0 T0 
(D) (D) (D)

S DS B1
0.4 S DS BS , 2.5T0  T(D)

Seismic Design Codes

Table 3-2 23
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
Damping modification for spectral acceleration
(unit: g)
2b. From design basis spectral acceleration of
Taipei basin for short-period structure SDS,
corner period T0D, BS and B1 , get design basis
spectral acceleration SaD for Taipei basin.
S DS [( 0.4  (1 BS  0.4)T 0.2T0(D) ], T  0.2T0(D)

 DS S
S B , 0.2T (D)
 T  T (D)
SaD  0 0
T D
0 BS
S DST0 BST , T0  T  2.5T0 T0 
(D) (D) (D) (D)

0.4S DS BS , 2.5T0  T (D) B 1

Seismic Design Codes

Table 3-3 24
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
Damping modification for spectral acceleration
(unit: g)
3a. From maximum considered spectral
acceleration of site for short-period structure
SMS, 1-second-period structure SM1, BS and B1 ,
get maximum considered spectral acceleration
SaM for site class 1, 2 or 3.
 S MS [0.4  (1 BS  0.4)T 0.2T0(M) ], T  0.2T0(M)

 MS S
S B , 0.2 T (M)
 T  T (M)
S M1 BS
SaM  0 0
T0 
(M)

 S M1 B1T , T0  T  2.5T0
(M) (M)
S MS B1
0.4S MS BS , 2.5T0(M)  T Seismic Design Codes
Table 3-2 25
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
Damping modification for spectral acceleration
(unit: g)
3b. From maximum considered spectral
acceleration of Taipei basin for short-period
structure SMS, corner period T0M, BS and B1 , get
maximum considered spectral acceleration SaM
for Taipei basin.
 S MS [( 0.4  (1 BS  0.4)T 0.2T0(M) ], T  0.2T0(M)

 MS S
S B , 0.2T (M)
 T  T (M)
M
SaM  0 0
T0 
(M) T 0 BS

 S MST0 BST , T0  T  2.5T0

(M) (M) (M)
B1
0.4S MS BS , 2.5T0(M)  T Seismic Design Codes
Table 3-3 26
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
Ministry of Interior (2011), ‘Seismic Design Codes
of Buildings’. (in Chinese)
http://www.cpami.gov.tw/chinese/index.php?option
=com_content&view=article&id=10471&Itemid=5
7

27
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
(1-1) Videos on Strategies for Prevention of
Earthquake Disaster
English https://youtu.be/P0-ZqkSWAgk
Chinese https://youtu.be/Pv0zlzDh9DI
(1-2) Videos on Earthquake Engineering and
Seismic Design
English https://youtu.be/x0SoVtwTCVI

28
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
(2-1) Videos on Fundamental Vibration Period
English https://youtu.be/heIqjIP3dJM
Chinese https://youtu.be/-WPHcpRCGqw
(2-2) Videos on Simplified Calculation of
Fundamental Period
English https://youtu.be/PFAtC5GcN1Y
Chinese https://youtu.be/CmILRnIS65w

29
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
(3-1) Videos on Forced Vibration of Undamped
Structure (1)
English https://youtu.be/R3ouXosWlvA
Chinese https://youtu.be/kqOWgimUrOQ
(3-2) Videos on Forced Vibration of Undamped
Structure (2)
English https://youtu.be/NYB0ZMqWDLY
Chinese https://youtu.be/kqOWgimUrOQ
(4) Videos on Damping of Structure
English https://youtu.be/bt3XDUG-VYg
Chinese https://youtu.be/W2K-zTz4WvU
30
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
(5-1) Videos on Forced Vibration of SDOF
Structure (1)
English https://youtu.be/yYx4Z2DXycQ
Chinese https://youtu.be/lUp3oHNG2Kg
(5-2) Videos on Forced Vibration of SDOF
Structure (2)
English https://youtu.be/VxFieYPSh68
Chinese https://youtu.be/lUp3oHNG2Kg

31
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
(6-1) Videos on Dynamic Analysis of SDOF
Structure (1)
English https://youtu.be/QGaLxvNM-Sk
Chinese https://youtu.be/OQlqFqlvyTw
(6-2) Videos on Dynamic Analysis of SDOF
Structure (2)
English https://youtu.be/JiO4bK-FpmU
Chinese https://youtu.be/OQlqFqlvyTw
(7) Videos on Seismic Analysis of SDOF Structure
English https://youtu.be/muwUsj7zHuQ
Chinese https://youtu.be/qljvU_pxStA
32
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
(8) Videos on Response Spectrum of Seismic
Record
English https://youtu.be/eca-kfiM-fg
Chinese https://youtu.be/xA7boiyNquA
(9-1) Videos on Design Response Spectrum (1)
English https://youtu.be/qdOmxNmDUak
Chinese https://youtu.be/KbeJ_D6PtzA
(9-2) Videos on Design Response Spectrum (2)
English https://youtu.be/_0YVISXIE_M
Chinese https://youtu.be/KbeJ_D6PtzA

33
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
(10-1) Videos on Design (Basis) Seismic Force (1)
English https://youtu.be/ET2XaJ6OSkc
Chinese https://youtu.be/AqE1KESOKt0
(10-2) Videos on Design (Basis) Seismic Force (2)
English https://youtu.be/iz29snBBbBw
Chinese https://youtu.be/AqE1KESOKt0

34
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
(11-1) Videos on Maximum Considered Earthquake
(MCE) (1)
English https://youtu.be/ZqgMNc1hrU4
Chinese https://youtu.be/Ar0r2BcBiJw
(11-2) Videos on Maximum Considered Earthquake
(MCE) (2)
English https://youtu.be/SMSAPNtvI-g
Chinese https://youtu.be/Ar0r2BcBiJw

35
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
(12-1) Videos on Maximum Considered Seismic
Force (1)
English https://youtu.be/4AAkm-lYFgw
Chinese https://youtu.be/Ar0r2BcBiJw
(12-2) Videos on Maximum Considered Seismic
Force (2)
English https://youtu.be/TlQ4UKNB5NY
Chinese https://youtu.be/Ar0r2BcBiJw

36
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
(13-1) Videos on Small to Moderate Seismic Force
English https://youtu.be/td1luZN3Qd8
Chinese https://youtu.be/ov7mR9ZAw-0
(13-2) Videos on Design Seismic Force
English https://youtu.be/FnkTTv3HrL0
Chinese https://youtu.be/ov7mR9ZAw-0

37
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
(14-1) Videos on Damping Modification for
Spectrum
English https://youtu.be/2uiwE-sgIE0
Chinese https://youtu.be/epRIb5YV1EI
(14-2) Videos on Damping Modification for Seismic
Force
English
Chinese https://youtu.be/epRIb5YV1EI

38
 Damping Modification for Spectrum
Damping modification factor for short-period
structure BS.
Damping modification factor for 1-second-period
structure B1.
Design basis spectral acceleration SaD with different
damping ratios (including 5%) for site class 1, 2
or 3, and Taipei basin.
Maximum considered spectral acceleration SaM
with different damping ratios (including 5%) for
site class 1, 2 or 3, and Taipei basin.
Thank You!
   BS , B1 
   S aD , S aM  39