The Brain and Cranial Nerves

Handout #7 Functions of Gray Matter and Handout #8

Cranial Nerves (just location for 3rd test)
A. Brain
1. Principal parts
2. Protection and coverings
3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
4. Brain stem: anatomy and physiology
a. Medulla
b. Pons
c. Midbrain
5. Diencephalon
a. Thalamus
b. Hypothalamus
6. Cerebrum
a. Lobes
b. White matter
c. Basal ganglia
d. Limbic system
e. Functional areas of the cerebral
cortex
1
7. Cerebellum
Information processing takes place
at several levels within the CNS:

1. spinal cord
2. lower brain
3. higher brain

2
Divisions of Brain

3
 Principal Parts
1. brain stem
2. diencephalon
3. cerebrum
4. cerebellum

4
Intro to Protection and Coverings

5
 Protection and Coverings
1. cranial bones
2. meninges
a. dural sinuses
b. dural extensions
(1) falx cerebri
(2) falx cerebelli
(3) tentorium cerebelli
3. cerebrospinal fluid

6
 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

1. location
2. ventricles
a. lateral (2)
b. third
c. fourth

7
 CSF and Homeostasis
1. mechanical protection
2. chemical protection
3. circulation

8
CSF Formation and Removal
1. choroid plexus
2. arachnoid villi

9
CSF Flow Pattern

1
0
Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid

1
1
 Medulla
Most inferior portion of brainstem
Cranial nerves XII, XI, X, IX,
and part of XIII
Regulates blood pressure,
heart rate, respiration,
swallowing, coughing, vomiting
Notable features: pyramids

medulla

1
2
 Pons

Superior to medulla,
anterior to cerebellum
and inferior to midbrain
Alteration in basic respiratory pattern
Cranial nerves VIII, VII, VI, and V

Pons

1
3
 Midbrain
1. ventral
a. cerebral peduncles
b. medial lemniscus
2. dorsal (tectum)
a. corpora quadrigemina
(1) superior colliculi
(2) inferior colliculi
b. cranial nerves III and IV

Reflex movements involving

Visual and auditory stimuli

midbrain
1
4
Thalamus- part of Diencephalon

1. paired nuclei
2. massa intermedia
3. relay station
4. crude sensations

Thalamus

1
5
 Frontal section showing
Thalamus and Hypothalamus

1
6
 Hypothalamus

1. paired nuclei
2. homeostasis control
3. functions
1) integration between the nervous
and endocrine systems
2) control of the autonomic nervous system
3) regulation of rage and aggression
4) regulation of body temperature
5) regulation of food intake
6) regulation of thirst
7) regulation of sleep-wake patterns
8) regulation of sex drive

Hypothlamus

1
7
 Cerebrum
1. cerebral cortex
2. internal capsule
3. gyrus
4. sulcus
5. fissures
A) longitudinal
B) lateral
C) transverse
6. corpus callosum

Our seat of intelligence,

consciousness. See, taste,
feel, smell and hear
1
8
 Cerebral Lobes
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Occipital
4. Temporal
5. Insula

1
9
Fiber Types Found in Cerebral White
Matter

Commissural tracts
(corpus callosum)
Projection tracts
Association tracts

2
0
Gray Matter of Cerebrum Basal
Ganglia Nuclei
Masses of gray matter lateral to the thalamus.
Function in large learned semi voluntary muscle movements
such as swinging arms when walking

2
1
 Limbic System
A ring of structures surrounding the inner border of the
cerebrum and the floor of the diencephalon, encircling the
midbrain.
Emotional brain

2
2
 Functional Areas
1. sensory areas
2. motor areas
3. association areas

2
3
 Cerebellum
1. location
2. cerebellar cortex
3. cerebellar white matter
4. cerebellar nuclei
5. functions-sequential
muscle movements,
muscle tone, posture

2
4
Cranial Nerves

2
5