Saint Paul University Philippines

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

PRESENTATION OF DATA
STATISTICS
ROLDAN C. BANGALAN
Methods of Data Organization

 Textual Method
(paragraph form) –
important
characteristics of the
data are given
emphasis.

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Methods of Data Organization

 Tabular Method
(frequency
distribution table or
FDT) – shows the
groupings of the
data into number of
classes (intervals).

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Methods of Data Organization

 Graphical Method
(chart) – visual
representation of the
frequency
distribution..

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Frequency Distribution Table

 Lists data values (either individually or by

groups of intervals) along with their
corresponding frequencies or counts
 Frequency distribution is the organization
of raw data in table form, using classes
and frequencies.

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Parts of Frequency Distribution Table
(FDT)

1. Table heading – contains the table number and title,

ad serves as guide on the content of the table.
2. Body – contains the information and is essential part
of the table
3. Classes or categories – tells about the row
classification of the data
4. Caption – provides column identification or heading
5. Source or reference note – written below the table to
indicate the name of the agency or person whom
the information was taken from.

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Example of FDT
Table 1. Enrollment Profile of Pamplona Institute, SY 2010-2011

Year Level Number of

Students

First Year 100

Second Year 98

Third Year 90

Fourth Year 84

TOTAL 372

* Registrar’s Office

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Steps in Constructing
Frequency Distribution Table

1. Arrange the data set in an array.

2. Find the range. (R = HOV – LOV)
3. Decide on the number of classes. (5 - 15)
4. Compute for the class width/class size.
(i = R/ number of classes)
5. Set up the classes starting from the lowest
class limit.
6. Construct column for the frequencies.

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Example of Raw Data (Array)

77 77 85 72 69 80 75 69 80 64
72 68 48 60 44 87 52 74 72 76
63 81 56 71 54 76 81 78 55 74
82 59 40 73 61 80 58 75 63 48
46 51 80 42 65 54 79 57 72 67

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Example of Frequency Distribution Table
(FDT)
Class Interval f % CF< %
82-87 3 6% 50 100%
76-81 12 24% 47 94%
70-75 10 20% 35 70%
64-69 6 12% 25 50%
58-63 6 12% 19 38%
52-57 6 12% 13 26%
46-51 4 8% 7 14%
40-45 3 6% 3 6%
50 100%
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 Lower Class
Limits

 are the X Frequency

smallest 5-8 11
numbers that
can actually 9 -12 12
belong to 13-16 14
different classes 17-20 1
21-24 2

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 Upper Class
Limits

 are the X Frequency

largest numbers 5-8 11
that can
actually belong 9 -12 12
to different 13-16 14
classes 17-20 1
21-24 2

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 Class
Boundaries

 are the X Frequency

numbers used 4.5 5-8 11
to separate
classes, but 8.5 9 -12 12
without the 12.5 13-16 14
gaps created 16.5 17-20 1
by the class 20.5 21-24 2
limits

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 Class Mark/
Class Midpoint

 These can be X Frequency

found by 6.5 5-8 11
adding the
lower class limit 10.5 9 -12 12
to the upper 14.5 13-16 14
class limit and 18.5 17-20 1
dividing the sum 22.5 21-24 2
by two.

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 Class Width/
Class Size

 The difference X Frequency

between any 4 5-8 11
two
consecutive 4 9 -12 12
lower class limits 4 13-16 14
or two 4 17-20 1
consecutive 4 21-24 2
lower class
boundaries.
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 Relative Frequency/
Percentage

X Frequency Relative
 The Frequency
proportion of %
observations 5-8 11 27.5
that falls on a 9-12 12 30
certain interval;
13-16 14 35
it is usually
17-20 1 2.5
expressed in
percentage. 21-24 2 5
n 40 100

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 Cumulative Frequency
 The accumulated frequency of the classes.
 Less than CF (<CF) – the accumulated observations
not exceeding the upper limit of a class
 Greater than CF (>CF) – the accumulated
observations that are at least the lower limit of the
class X Frequency <CF >CF
5-8 11 11 40
9-12 12 23 29
13-16 14 37 17
17-20 1 38 3
21-24 2 40 2
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PICTURES OF DATA
Bar graph 30
25
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20
15
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 Is a graph which uses horizontal or vertical bars to

represent data. When a bar graph has bars which
extend from left to right, it called a horizontal bar
graph. On the other hand, if the bars extend from top
to bottom, it is called a vertical bar graph. A side-by-
side bar graph is a special type of bar graph that allows
comparison of two sets of information for each
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Histogram

 Consists of a horizontal scale of values of the

data being represented, a vertical scale for
frequencies, and bars representing the
frequency for each subdivision of class values.
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Pareto charts

 Is a bar graph for categorical data with bars

arranged in descending order of frequencies.

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Pie charts

 It is used to show how all the parts of something

are related to the whole. It is represented by a
circle divided into slices or sectors of various
sizes that show each part’s relationship to the
whole and to the parts of the circle.
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Line graph

 Is used to represent changes in data over a

period of time. Data are represented by points
and are joined by line segments. Multiple line
graphs are also used to present bivariate data as
an alternative to side-by-side bar graph.
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Frequency
Polygon

 Is a line graph constructed by plotting the class

marks at a height equal to the frequency
corresponding to that class mark. The points
are connected to form the polygon.
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Ogive

 Is a graph in which a point is plotted above

each class boundary at a height equal to the
cumulative frequency corresponding to that
boundary.
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Dot plots

 Consists of a graph in which each data value is

plotted as point or dot along a scale of values.

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Scatter diagram

 Is a plot of the paired (x, y data with a horizontal

x-axis and a vertical y-axis. The data are paired in
a way that matches each value from one data set
with a corresponding value from the second data
set.
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Box-and-whisker plot

 Is a graph of a data set that consists of a line

extending from the minimum value to the
maximum value, and a box with lines drawn at
the first quartile Q1; the median; and the third
quartile Q3.
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Stem-and- leaf
plots

 Represents data by separating each value into

parts; the stem ( such as the leftmost digit and
the leaf( such as the rightmost digit.

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Pictograph

 Is a graph that uses pictures to illustrate data.

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