INDUCTORS

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 Inductors

• An inductor is a coil of wire through

which a current is passed. The
current can be either AC or DC.
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prepared by ZAIN RAZA
 Induction Forming
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• Electric current passing
through a loop of wire creates a
magnetic field around it.
• As the No. of loops increases the

magnetic field also increases.

• Such a coil of wire is called
an inductor symbol: L
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prepared by ZAIN RAZA
• For a constant current, the inductor
behaves as a piece of wire, so it will act as a
small resistance.
• For a current whose value varies with time
new things start to happen. When the
current varies, the two terminals of an
inductor start to show a voltage diff. V,
• V is proportional to the rate of current
change: di/dt

V = L di/dt
NOTE: When
prepared current is varied in a straight wire, negligible PD
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• The proportionality constant L is called
the inductance of a given inductor. The
unit of inductance is henry (H).
• One henry is the amount of inductance
that is required for producing one volt
of induced voltage when the current is
changing at the rate of one ampere/Sec
• V =1 V when L= 1 H and di /dt =1 A/sec 
• Typical coils range from mH to nH.
• More loops of wire, More Inductance
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 dI L
VL  L
dt
Varying Current
generates a
magnetic field B,
Which induces a
voltage proportional
to the rate of change
of the current.
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An other way defining INDUCTANCE
The ability of an inductor to store
energy in the form of a magnetic field
(and consequently to oppose changes
in current) is called inductance.
Energy stored in L:

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• Current flow in an inductor creates
a magnetic field inside the loops –
and partly also on the outside – and
this magnetic field stores energy.
The stored energy prevents the
current from changing too quickly.
Conversely, when the current tries
to stop, energy stored in the
magnetic field will try to maintain it,
so it cannot decline too fast.
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The behavior of an inductor in a
circuit is like a turbine driving a
flywheel. The turbine is assumed to
be frictionless device. A height
difference between the inlet and
the outlet of the turbine drives the
flywheel.
If the water levels in front of the
turbine and behind the turbine are
suddenly made equal, the
momentum of the flywheel will try
to keep the water current flowing.
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• If the resistance of the coil is very small,
the alternating voltage across the coil
leads the current by 90 degrees (in the
opposite direction to that in a capacitor).
• Fig in next slide:

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• If the resistance of the coil is very small,
the alternating voltage across the coil
leads the current by 90 degrees (in the
opposite direction to that in a capacitor).
• Fig in next slide:

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prepared by ZAIN RAZA
• In addition to the ordinary
resistance of its wire, inductor has
another 'resistance-like‘ property,
effective only for AC currents,
called the inductive reactance.
• The inductive reactance XL is the
ratio of the peak voltage
amplitude to the peak current
amplitude, X = Vp / Ip
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L
• The reactance remains
constant for a fixed frequency,
but its value is frequency
dependent:
• X=w L
L

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• The inductance will tend to
smooth sudden changes in
current just as the capacitance
smoothes sudden changes in
voltage. Of course, if the current
is constant there will be no
induced EMF. So unlike the
capacitor which behaves like an
open-circuit in DC circuits, an
inductor behaves like a short-
circuit in DC circuits.
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 Combining Inductors

• Inductances add like resistances

• Series
L  L 1  L 2  . . . L N
• Parallel
1 1 1 1
   . . .
L L1 L2 LN
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prepared by ZAIN RAZA
 Inductor Impedance

frequency impedance
frequency looks like called
approaches approaches

low zero zero   short circuit

high infinity infinity   open circuit

• Note that this behavior is exactly the opposite of

capacitors.
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 Transformers
• Cylinders (solenoids)

• Toroids

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 Some Interesting Transformers

• A huge range in sizes

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 Some Interesting Transformers

• High Temperature Superconducting Transformer

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Transformers
Symbol for
transformer

• Note that for a transformer, the symbol

shows two inductors. One is the primary
(source end) and one is the secondary (load
end): LS & LL
• The inductors work as expected, but they
also couple to one another through their
mutual inductance: M2=k2 LS LL
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Transformers

• The voltages across the primary and

secondary terminals of the transformer are
related by
N SV L  N LV S

Note that the coil with more turns has the

larger voltage
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