Engineering Mechanics

Presented by Nilesh Gaddapawar

Nilesh G.
 Classification of Mechanics

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 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies:
 The mechanics of deformable bodies deals with
how forces are distributed inside bodies, and with
the deformations caused by these internal force
distributions. These internal force produce
"stresses" in the body, which could ultimately
result in the failure of the material itself.
 Principles of rigid body mechanics often provide
the beginning steps in analyzing these internal
stresses, and resulting deformations. These will
be studied in courses called Strength of Materials
or Mechanics of Materials.

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 Mechanics of Fluids:
 The mechanics of fluids is the branch of mechanics that deals
with liquids or gases.
 Fluids are commonly used in engineering applications. They
can be classified as incompressible, or compressible. While
all real fluids are compressible to some degree, most liquids
can be analyzed as incompressible in many engineering
applications.
 Applications of fluid mechanics abound, from hydraulics and
general flow in pipes to air flow in ducts to advanced
applications in turbines and aerospace.
 The study of the mechanics of fluids will be studied in
courses called Fluid Mechanics, Compressible Flow,
Hydraulics, and others.

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 Mechanics of Rigid Bodies:
A rigid body is a body which does not
deform under the influence of forces.
 In all real applications, there is always
deformation, however, many stuctures
exhibit very small deformations under
normal loading conditions, and rigid body
mechanics can be used with sufficient
accuracy in those cases.

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 Fundamentals
 Length: Length is the quantity used to describe the position of a point in space relative
to another point. The universally accepted standard unit for length is the meter.
 Time: Time is the interval between two events. The generally accepted standard unit for
time is the second.
 Space: The geometric region in which the study of body is involved is called Space.
 Displacement: It is defined as the distance moved by a body/particle in the specified
direction.
 Velocity: It is the rate of change of displacement with respect to time.
 Acceleration : It is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time.
 Momentum: The product of mass and velocity is called momentum.
 Continuum: A body consists of several matters.
 Particle: A particle may be defined as an object which has only mass and no size. Such a
body cannot exist theoretically. However in dealing with problems involving distances
considerably larger compared to the size of the body, the body may be treated as particle.
Examples of such situations are
 A bomber aeroplane is a particle for a gunner operating from the ground.
 A ship in mid sea is a particle in the study of its relative motion from a control tower.

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 Vectors and Scalars quantities
All physical quantities (e.g. speed and force)
are described by a magnitude and a unit.

VECTORS – also need to have their direction

specified
examples: displacement, velocity, acceleration,
force.

SCALARS – do not have a direction

examples: distance, speed, mass, work, energy.

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 Addition of vectors
With two vectors acting at
an angle to each other: 4N
Draw the first vector.
Draw the second vector with its 3N
tail end on the arrow of the first
vector.
The resultant vector is the line
drawn from the tail of the first 4N
vector to the arrow end of the
second vector.
3N
This method also works with
Resultant vector
three or more vectors.
= 5N

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 Comparison of Mass and Weight
Sr. no. Mass Weight
01 Mass is a property of matter. The Weight depends on the effect of gravity.
mass of an object is the same Weight varies according to location.
everywhere.
02 Mass can never be zero. Weight can be zero if no gravity acts
upon an object, as in space.
03 Mass does not change according Weight increases or decreases with
to location. higher or lower gravity.
04 Mass is a scalar quantity. It has Weight is a vector quantity. It has
magnitude. magnitude and is directed toward the
center of the Earth or other gravity well.
05 Mass may be measured using an Weight is measured using a spring
ordinary balance. balance.
06 Mass usually is measured in Weight often is measured in Newton, a
grams and kilograms. unit of force.

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 Comparison of Distance and Displacement:
Sr. no. Distance Displacement
01 Distance is the length of the path Displacement is the shortest distance
travelled by a body while moving between the initial position and the
from an initial position to a final final position of the body.
position.
02 Distance is a scalar quantity. Displacement is a vector quantity.
03 Distance measured is always Displacement can be positive or
positive. negative depending on the reference
point.
04 The total distance covered is equal The net displacement is the vector sum
to the algebraic sum of all the of the individual displacements in
distances travelled in different different directions.
directions.
05 There is always a distance covered Displacement will be zero if the body
whenever there is a motion. comes back to its initial position.
06 Unit: metre (m) Unit: metre (m)

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 For example:
Q. Suppose you are observing an ant on the table, as
shown in the diagram below. The ant moves from one
corner of the table to the other corner. The blue irregular
line shows the path of the ant. Figure (B)

Figure (C)
Figure (A)
Answer : For figure (B) & (C),
•For Length of this blue line is the distance covered by the
ant.
Find
•The straight green line, which is the minimum distance
between the two corners of the table is the displacement
Distance ?
of the ant. Called the displacement. Displacement?
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 Comparison of Speed and Velocity
Sr. no Speed velocity
01 Speed is refers to "how fast an object is Velocity refers to "the rate at which an
moving." object changes its position."
02 Speed is a scalar quantity. Velocity is a vector quantity.

03 Speed is the rate of motion, or the rate velocity is the rate of change of
of change of position. displacement.

04 Speed is thus the magnitude component Velocity contains both the magnitude and
of velocity. direction components.
05 Explanation : Explanation :
How fast my hand is moving to slapped When you get the slap and changes your
on your face, this is speed face from right to left.. i.e the rate at which
your face changes its position, this is
Velocity....
06 speed= total distance/time taken velocity= displacement(shortest root from
initial to the final position) /time taken
including direction.
07 Unit: km/hr like 60km/hr, Unit: 60km/hr in east direction.

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 Units of Measure:
 The force unit is called a newton (N), and is defined as the force
required to accelerate a mass of 1 kg at a rate of 1
meter/sec. So, we can write:
1 N = (1 kg)(1 m/s2) or 1 N = 1kg.m/s2
 The weight of an object is the gravitational force which is
exerted on that object which causes it to accelerate downward
at the acceleration due to gravity So, we can write for the
weight of a 1 kg mass:
W = mg
W = (1 kg)(9.807 m/s2)
W = 9.807 N

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 SI prefixes:
Multiplier Prefix Symbol

109 giga G

106 mega M

103 kilo k

10-2 centi c

10-3 milli m

10-6 micro µ

10-9 nano n

10-12 pico p

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 FUNDAMENTAL LAWS
OF MECHANICS

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 Sir Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton 25 December 1642 – 20 March

1727 was an English physicist and mathematician
(described in his own day as a "natural
philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of
the most influential scientists of all time and as a
key figure in the scientific revolution.

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 1. Newton's first law
“An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion
stays in motion with the same speed and in the same
direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This
law is often called the law of inertia.”

Objects tend to "keep on doing what they're doing." In

fact, it is the natural tendency of objects to resist changes
in their state of motion. This tendency to resist changes
in their state of motion is described as inertia.

Example :The motion of a kite when the wind changes

can also be described by the first law.

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 Explanation to first law :

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 2. Newton's second law
“ The rate of change of momentum is
directly proportional to impressed
force and it takes place in the
direction of force acting on it”.

 Force ∝ rate of change of momentum.

But momentum = mass × velocity
As mass do not change,
 Force ∝ mass × rate of change of velocity

i.e., Force ∝ mass × acceleration

F∝m×a

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Nilesh G.
 3. Newton's third law
“For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction”.

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 4.Newton’s Law of Gravitation
“Everybody attracts the other body.The force of attraction
between any two bodies is directly proportional to their
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them”.
 According to this law the force of attraction between the bodies of mass m1 and
mass m2 at a distance d as shown in Fig.

 where G is the constant of proportionality and is known as

constant of gravitation.

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 5. Principle or Law of
transmissibility of forces:
“The state of rest or of Uniform motion of a rigid
body is unaltered if the point of application of the
force is transmitted to any other point along the
line of action of the force”.
Let F be the force acting on a rigid body at
point A. According to the law of transmissibility
of force, this force has the same effect on
the state of body as the force F applied
at point B.

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 6. Law of superposition.
 The law of transmissibility of forces can be proved using the
law of superposition, which can be stated as “the action of a given
system of forces on a rigid body is not changed by adding or
subtracting another system of forces in equilibrium.”

Consider the rigid body shown in Fig. (a). It is subjected to a force F at A. B is another point on
the line of action of the force. From the law of superposition it is obvious that if two equal and
opposite forces of magnitude F are applied at B along the line of action of given force F, [Ref.
Fig. (b)] the effect of given force on the body is not altered. Force F at A and opposite force F at
B form a system of forces in equilibrium. If these two forces are subtracted from the system,
the resulting system is as shown in Fig. 1.7 (c).

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 7.Parallelogram Law of Forces
This law states that “ if two forces acting simultaneously on a body at a point
are presented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the
diagonal of the parallelogram which passes through the point of intersection of
the two sides representing the forces”.

In Fig. the force F1 = 4 units and force F2 = 3 units are acting on a body at
point A. Then to get resultant of these forces parallelogram ABCD is
constructed such that AB is equal to 4 units to linear scale and AC is equal to 3
units. Then according to this law, the diagonal AD represents the resultant in the
direction and magnitude. Thus the resultant of the forces F1and F2 on the
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  DERIVED LAWS
The Triangle Law of Forces may be stated as “If two
forces acting on a body are represented one after
another by the sides of a triangle, their resultant is
represented by the closing side of the triangle taken
from first point to the last point”.

The polygon of law of forces and it may be stated as

“If a number of concurrent forces acting simultaneously on a
body are represented in magnitude and direction by the sides
of a polygon, taken in a order, then the resultant is
represented in magnitude and direction by the closing side of
the polygon, taken from first point to last point”.
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 Classifiaction of Mechanics of rigid bodies
Mechanics of
rigid bodies

Statics Dynamics

Kinematics Kinetics

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  Static : It is the branch of mechanics
which deals with the particles and bodies
at rest.
 Dynamics : It is the branch of mechanics
which deals with the particles and bodies
are in motion.
 Kinematics : It is the study of motion of
particles and bodies without reference to
masses and effects of forces.
 Kinetics: It is the study of motion of
particles and bodies with reference to
masses and effects of forces.

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 What is a force
 According to Newton‟s I law,
Force is defined as an action
or agent, which changes or
tends to change the state of
rest or of uniform motion of
a body in a straight line.
 Units of force: The gravitational (MKS) unit of
force is the kilogram force and is denoted as
„kgf‟.
 The absolute (SI) unit of force is the Newton
and is denoted as “N”. Note: 1 kgf = “g”N
(But g = 9.81m/s2) Therefore 1 kgf = 9.81 N
or 10 N.

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 Characteristics of a force
 It has four important characteristics, which
can be listed as follows.
1) Magnitude: It can be denoted as 10 kgf or
100 N.
2) Point of application: It indicates the
point on the body on which the force acts.
3) Line of action: The arrowhead placed on
the line representing the direction
represents it.
4) Direction: It is represented by a co-
ordinate or cardinal system.

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 Explanation to a force
 In figure, AB is a ladder kept against a wall. At
point C, a person weighing 600 N is standing. The
force applied by the person on the ladder has the
following characteristics.
 Magnitude os 600 N
 Direction is vertically downwards.
 The line of action is vertical CD or C to D
 The point of application is at C.

 The magnitude of the force is written near the

arrow.
 The line of arrow shows the line of action of the
force and the arrow head shows the direction of
the force.
 The point of intersection of the force with the
body shows the point of application of the force
on the body.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF FORCE
Force system

Coplanar force Non coplanar

system force system

Concurrent/ Co-linear / non parallel./ non

non concurrent co-linear parallel

Like / unlike
parallel

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 Figures to explain:

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 Resolution of FORCE
A B
It is often convenient to split a single
FORCE into two perpendicular
components.
FV
F
Consider force F being split into
vertical and horizontal components,
FV and FH. θ FH
D C
In rectangle ABCD opposite:
FV = F sin θ
sin θ = BC / DB = DA / DB = FV / F
Therefore: FV = F sin θ FH = F cos θ

cos θ = DC / DB = FH / F
Therefore: FH = F cos θ

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 Question
Calculate the vertical and
horizontal components if F = FV
4N and θ = 35o. F

FV = F sin θ θ FH
= 4 x sin 35o
= 4 x 0.5736
FV = 2.29 N

FH = F cos θ
= 4 x cos 35o
= 4 x 0.8192
FH = 3.28 N

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 Composition of forces
The reduction of a given system of forces to the
simplest system that will be its equivalent is called
composition of forces.

RESULTANT FORCE: It is possible to find a single force

which will have the same effect as that of a number of forces acting
on a body. Such a single force is called resultant force.
The process of finding out the resultant force is called composition of
forces.

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 Composition of Co-planar concurrent
force system.
COMPOSITION OF TWO FORCES: It is possible
to reduce a given system of forces i.e., two forces to
the simplest system as its equivalent (resultant force)
with the help of parallelogram law of forces.

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 COMPOSITON OF FORCES BY
RESOLUTION(Principle of resolved parts)

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 Procedure to find magnitude and
direction of resultant force : -
 Algebraic sum of the components of forces in X direction

 Algebraic sum of the components of forces in Y direction

Now the system of forces is equal to two mutually perpendicular

forces , the magnitude and direction of resultant force.

Magnitude:

Direction:

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 The moment of a force
Also known as the turning effect of a force.

The moment of a force about any point is

defined as: force x perpendicular
distance from the turning point to the
line of action of the force

moment = F x d

Unit: Newton-metre (Nm)

Force F exerting an
Moments can be either CLOCKWISE or ANTICLOCKWISE
ANTICLOCKWISE moment through the
spanner on the nut

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 Question
25N
Calculate the moments of the 25N and
40N forces on the door in the diagram
opposite.
40N

moment = F x d
door 1.2 m
For the 25N force:
moment = 25N x 1.2m
= 30 Nm CLOCKWISE

For the 40N force:

hinge
moment = 40N x 0.70m
= 28 Nm ANTICLOCKWISE

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 Couples and Torque F

“Two equal unlike parallel d

forces separated by a definite
distance form a couple”.
In the diagram above: F
couple = F d
= One of the forces x the distance between the forces
Torque is another name for the total moment of a
couple.

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 Chracteristics of a Couple
1. The algebraic sum of magnitude of the
member forces forming a couple is
always zero.
2. The couple can be balanced by a couple
only, which has same moment and
opposite sense.
3. Moment of a couple is fixed and it does
not depend on moment center

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 Comparison of Torque and Moment
Sr.No. Torque Moment
01 Torque is a movement force. Moment is a static force.
02 Torque is often presented as moment is typically presented as
Nm/revolution Nm.
03 tends to be used when there is an tends to be used in essentially
axle or pivot to be turned around non-rotational situations, such as
analysis of forces on a beam.
04 Twisting effect produced by force Turning effect produced by force
05

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 Varignon’s theorem (Principle of moments)

Statement : “The sum of moment of all forces about a point is

equal to the moment of their resultant about the same point”.
Proof: consider a force F acting at a point A and having components F1 and F2 in
any two directions.
Let us choose any point O, lying in the plane of the forces, as a moment center.
Draw the perpendiculars d , d1 and d2 from moment center o to the forces F,
F1 and F2 respectively.
Let α,α1 and α3 be the angle made by the forces F, F1 and F2 respectively

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 Moment of force F about O,
F × d = F × OA× cosα =OA × F × cosα = OA × Fx -----------------(1)
Moment of force F1 about O,
F1 × d1 = F1 × OA × cosα1 =OA × F1 × cosα1 = OA × Fx1 --------(2)
Moment of force F1 about O,
F2 × d2 = F2 × OA × cosα2 =OA × F2 × cosα2 = OA × Fx2 --------(3)
Adding (2) & (3),
F1 × d1 + F2 × d2 = OA ( Fx1 + Fx2 ) ----------------------------------(4)
Let ,
x-components of the resultant force F = sum of the x-components of the forces F1 and F2
Fx = Fx1 + Fx2 -----------------------------------------------------------(5)
From (4) & (5),
F1 × d1 + F2 × d2 = OA × Fx -------------------------------------------(6)
From (1) & (6),
F1 × d1 + F2 × d2 = F × d
i.e. ∑ MF@o = MR@o

Application : It is used for finding the point of application of

the resultant in case of non concurrent and parallel force
system.
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