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Discrete-Time Signals and Systems
Discrete-Time Signals and Systems
Paul Dirac
Content and Figures are from Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2e by Oppenheim, Shafer, and Buck, ©1999-2000 Prentice Hall
Inc.
Discrete-Time Signals: Sequences
• Discrete-time signals are represented by sequence of numbers
– The nth number in the sequence is represented with x[n]
• Often times sequences are obtained by sampling of
continuous-time signals
– In this case x[n] is value of the analog signal at xc(nT)
– Where T is the sampling period
10
-10
0 20 40 60 80 100 t (ms)
10
-10
0 10 20 30 40 50 n (samples)
Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 2
Basic Sequences and Operations
• Delaying (Shifting) a sequence
y[n] x[n no ]
1.5
• Unit sample (impulse) sequence
1
0 n 0
[n] 0.5
1 n 0 0
-10 -5 0 5 10
0 n 0 1
u[n]
1 n 0 0.5
0
-10 -5 0 5 10
• Exponential sequences 1
0
-10 -5 0 5 10
Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 3
Sinusoidal Sequences
• Important class of sequences
xn coson
jo
• An exponential sequence with complex e and A A e j
– Maximum
y[n] x[n]
2
– Sign
y[n] signx[n]
• Counter Example
– Ideal Delay System
y[n] x[n no ]
• Examples
– Ideal Delay System
y[n] x[n no ]
y1 n x[n no ]
2
Delay the input the output is
y[n] x[n]
2
yn - no x[n no ]
2
Delay the output gives
• Counter Example
– Compressor System
• Examples
– Backward Difference
x[n] Bx y[n] By
• Example
– Square
y[n] x[n]
2
• Counter Example
– Log
y[n] log10 x[n]
even if input is bounded by x[n] Bx
output not bounded for xn 0 y0 log1 0 xn
Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 11