MATHEMATICAL

REASONING
 STATEMENT

A SENTENCE EITHER TRUE OR

FALSE BUT NOT BOTH
 STATEMENT
 TEN IS LESS THAN ELEVEN
STATEMENT ( TRUE )

 TEN IS LESS THAN ONE

 STATEMENT ( FALSE)

 PLEASE KEEP QUIET IN THE LIBRARY

NOT A STATEMENT
no Sentence statement Not reason
statement
1 123 is true
divisible by 3
2
3 4 5
2 2 false

3 X-2 ≥ 9 Neither true or false

4 Is 1 a prime
number? A question

5 All octagons have

true
eight sides
 QUANTIFIERS
 USED TO INDICATE THE QUANTITY
 ALL – TO SHOW THAT EVERY OBJECT
SATISFIES CERTAIN CONDITIONS

 SOME – TO SHOW THAT ONE OR MORE

OBJECTS SATISFY CERTAIN CONDITIONS
 QUANTIFIERS
EXAMPLE :

- All cats have four legs

- Some even numbers are divisible by 4
- All perfect squares are more than 0
 OPERATIONS ON SETS
NEGATION

The truth value of a statement can be

changed by adding the word “not” into a
statement.

TRUE FALSE
 NEGATION
EXAMPLE

P : 2 IS AN EVEN NUMBER ( TRUE )

P (NOT P ) : 2 IS NOT AN EVEN

NUMBER (FALSE )
COMPOUND
STATEMENT
 COMPOUND STATEMENT
A compound statement is formed when
two statements are combined by using

 “Or”
 “and”
COMPOUND STATEMENT

P Q P AND Q
TRUE TRUE TRUE
TRUE FALSE FALSE
FALSE TRUE FALSE
FALSE FALSE FALSE
COMPOUND STATEMENT

P Q P OR Q
TRUE TRUE TRUE
TRUE FALSE TRUE
FALSE TRUE TRUE
FALSE FALSE FALSE
 COMPOUND STATEMENT
EXAMPLE :

P : All even numbers can be divided by 2

( TRUE )
Q : -6 > -1
( FALSE )
P and Q :
FALSE
 COMPOUND STATEMENT
P : All even numbers can be divided by 2
( TRUE )
Q : -6 > -1
( FALSE )

P OR Q :
TRUE
 IMPLICATIONS
 SENTENCES IN THE FORM

‘ If p then q ’ ,
where
p and q are statements

And p is the antecedent

q is the consequent
 IMPLICATIONS
Example :

If x3 = 64 , then x = 4
Antecedent : x3 = 64
Consequent : x = 4
 IMPLICATIONS
Example :
Identify the antecedent and consequent for the
implication below.
“ If the whether is fine this evening, then I
will play football”
Answer :
Antecedent : the whether is fine this evening
Consequent : I will play football
 “p if and only if q”
The sentence in the form “p if and only if
q” , is a compound statement containing
two implications:
a) If p , then q
b) If q , then p
 “p if and only if q”
“p if and only if q”

If p , then q If q , then p
 Homework !!!!

 Pg: 96 No 1 and 2

 Pg: 98 No 1, 2 ( b, c )
4 ( a, b, c, d)
 IMPLICATIONS

The converse of
“If p ,then q”
is
“if q , then p”.
 IMPLICATIONS

Example :

If x = -5 , then 2x – 7 = -17
Mathematical reasoning
Arguments
 ARGUMENTS
What is argument ?
- A process of making conclusion based on
a set of relevant information.

- Simple arguments are made up of two

premises and a conclusion
 ARGUMENTS
Example :

All quadrilaterals have four sides. A

rhombus is a quadrilateral. Therefore, a
rhombus has four sides.
 ARGUMENTS

 There are three forms of

arguments :
Argument Form I ( Syllogism )
Premise 1 : All A are B

Premise 2 : C is A

Conclusion : C is B
 ARGUMENTS
Argument Form 1( Syllogism )

Make a conclusion based on the premises given

below:
Premise 1 : All even numbers can be divided
by 2
Premise 2 : 78 is an even number

Conclusion : 78 can be divided by 2

 ARGUMENTS
Argument Form II ( Modus Ponens ):
Premise 1 : If p , then q
Premise 2 : p is true
Conclusion : q is true
 ARGUMENTS
Example

Premise 1 : If x = 6 , then x + 4 = 10
Premise 2 : x = 6
Conclusion : x + 4 = 10
 ARGUMENTS
Argument Form III (Modus Tollens )
Premise 1 : If p , then q
Premise 2 : Not q is true
Conclusion : Not p is true
 ARGUMENTS
Example :
Premise 1 : If ABCD is a square, then
ABCD has four sides
Premise 2 : ABCD does not have four
sides.
Conclusion : ABCD is not a square
 ARGUMENTS
Completing the arguments

 recognise the argument form

 Complete the argument according to its

form
 ARGUMENTS

Example
Premise 1 : All triangles have a sum of
interior angles of 180
PQR is a triangle
Premise 2 :
___________________________
Conclusion : PQR has a sum of interior
angles of 180
Argument Form I
 ARGUMENTS

Premise 1 : If x - 6 = 10 , then x = 16
x – 6 = 10
Premise 2
:__________________________

Conclusion : x Argument
= 16 Form II
 ARGUMENTS

Premise 1 : If x divisible by 2 , then x is an even

number
__________________________

Premise 2 : x is not an even number

Conclusion : Argument
x is not Form
divisible
III by 2
 ARGUMENTS
Homework :
Pg : 103 Ex 4.5 No 2,3,4,5
MATHEMATICAL
REASONING
DEDUCTION
AND
INDUCTION
 REASONING
 There are two ways of making conclusions
through reasoning by

a) Deduction
b) Induction
 DEDUCTION

IS A PROCESS OF MAKING A
SPECIFIC CONCLUSION BASED ON A
GIVEN GENERAL STATEMENT
 DEDUCTION
Example :
general

All students in Form 4X are present today.

David is a student in Form 4X.
Conclusion : David is present today

Specific
 INDUCTION

A PROCESS OF MAKING A GENERAL

CONCLUSION BASED ON SPECIFIC
CASES.
INDUCTION
 INDUCTION
Amy is a student in Form 4X. Amy likes
Physics
Carol is a student in Form 4X. Carol likes
Physics
Elize is a student in Form 4X. Elize likes
Physics
……………………………………………………..
Conclusion : All students in Form 4X like
Physics .
 REASONING
Deduction

GENERAL SPECIFIC

Induction