Characterization Of Aluminium LM24 Reinforced

With BN And WC Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite

GUIDED BY
MR.S.ARIVKKARASAN ME.,(Ph.D)
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.

SUMBITTED BY

SUNTHARA MAHALINGAM.G (912315114315)

VIGNESH.S (912315114089)
 Characterization of aluminum LM24
reinforced with BN and WC hybrid metal
matrix composite

Performance of Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Aluminium

Based Metal Matrix Composites
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Evaluation of
Aluminium Matrix Reinforced with Tungsten Carbide
and Boron Nitride

Study on Fabrication of Magnesium based Metal Matrix Composites and

its improvement in Mechanical and Tribological Properties

Hybrid Aluminium LM24 Metal Matrix Composite

Reinforced With BN and WC
 ABSTRACT
Aluminium alloy are widely used in aerospace and automobile
industries due to their low density and good mechanical properties,
better corrosion resistance and wear, low thermal coefficient of
expansion as compared to conventional metal and alloy.LM24 is
the matrix having properties like good toughness, excellent
corrosion resistance, good weldability and brazability. Boron
nitride has excellent thermal and chemical stability and also high
hardness. Tungsten carbide has very high strength to withstand
shock loads. Here, the fabrication is done by stir casting which
involves mixing of the required quantities of reinforcements into
stir cast LM24.
 ABSTRACT (cont.,)

After solidification, the specimens are prepared as per ASTM

standards to determine various mechanical (tensile, density and
hardness) and tribological (wear and corrosion) properties.

Key words : Aluminium , LM24 ,boron carbide (BN) , stir casting,

Tungsten carbide (WC) , (MMC).
 INTRODUCTION
What is composite materials
A composite materials is a material made from two or more
constituent materials with significantly different physical or
chemical properties that , When combined, produce from the
individual components.

The new material may be preferred for many reasons :

Which are stronger , lighter, or less expansive when compared to

traditional materials
Classification of composites : (based on matrix materials)

1. Metal Matrix Composites (MMC)

MMC are composed of a metallic matrix (Aluminum , Magnesium
, cobalt , copper) and a dispersed ceramic (oxides , carbides) or
metallic (lead , tungsten , molybdenum) phase.

2. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)

CMC are composed of a ceramic matrix and embedded

fibers of other ceramics materials (dispersed phase or
reinforcement)
3.Polymer Matrix Composites (PMS)

PMS are composed of a matrix from thermoset or

thermoplastic and embedded glass , carbon , steel or
Kevlar fibers (dispersed phase)
Classification of composites : (based on reinforcing material structural)

Composites

Particle - reinforced Fiber - reinforced Structural

Large Dispersion Continuous Discontinuous

Laminates Sandwich panels
particle strengthened (aligned) (short)

Randomly
Aligned
oriented
 COMPARISATION B/W CONVENENTIONAL
MONOLITHIC MATERIALS AND COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
4

0
WEIGHT THERMAL STIFFNESS STRENGTH FATIGUE
EXPANSION RESISTANCE
STEEL ALUMINUM COMPOSITES
Composites

=
Matrix

+
Reinforcement

+
Additives
 Composite Material

Matrix (Al LM24) Reinforcement (BN)

Matrix
• A Matrix is a material into which the reinforcement is embedded
& completely continuous.
• Transfer stresses to phases.
• When a load is applied, the matrix shares the load with
reinforcement.
REINFORCEMENT

 The reinforcement material is embedded into the

matrix

 It is used to change physical properties such as wear

resistance, friction coefficient, or thermal conductivity.

 The reinforcement can be either continuous or

discontinuous.
Properties of Aluminum LM24 :
Chemical Composition are (Copper 3-4% ,Iron 1.3max , Zinc
3.0max , Titanium 0.2max , Magnesium 0.3max , Silicon 7.5-
9.5max , Nickel 0.5max , Tin 0.2max , Lead 0.3max and
Aluminium Remainder).

Tensile Strength (N/mm^2) - 320

Elongation (%) - 1-3
Impact resistance Izod (Nm) - 3.4
Brinell hardness - 85
Shear Strength (N/mm^2) - 185
Density (g/cm^3) - 2.79
(in all properties are High pressure Die casting manufacturing method)
Properties of Boron Nitride (BN) :

Boron nitride is insoluble in the usual acids, but is soluble in

alkaline molten salts and nitrides, such as LiOH, KOH, NaOH-
Na2CO3, NaNO3, Li3N, Mg3N2, Sr3N2, Ba3N2 or Li3BN2,
which are therefore used to etch BN.
Chemical formula - BN
Density (g/cm^3) - 2.1
Melting point (ºC) - 2973
Solubility in water - insoluble
Crystal structure - Hexagonal (h-BN), Cubic (c-
BN) , wurtzite (w-BN)
Heat capacity (J/K.mol) - 19.7
Properties of Tungsten Carbide (WC) :
 Chemical formula - WC
 Density (Mg/m) - 3 15.25
 Melting Point (K) - 3193
 Specific Heat (J/kg.K) - 292
 Elastic Limit (Mpa) - 530
 Hardness (Mpa) - 36000
 Shear Modulus (Gpa) - 283
 Tensile Strength (Mpa) - 530
 Young's Modulus (Gpa) - 686
 Thermal Conductivity (W/m.K) - 88
 Thermal Expansion(10-6/K) - 7.1
 Processing Techniques

Processing
Techniques

Liquid Solid
State State

Stir Squeeze Spray Powder Ball Friction

Casting Casting Casting Metallurgy Milling Stir
 Methodology

OBJECTIVE

PROBLEM IDENFICATION

DATA COLLECTION

SELECTION OF MATERIAL

STARTING ALUMINUM ALLOY LM24 WITH

REINFORCEMENT BN

PRODUCTION OF
COMPOSITE BY
STIR CASTING

TENSILE HARDNESS FATIGUE WEAR CORROSION

TEST SEM TEST
TEST TEST TEST

RESULT & CONCLUSION

FINISH
 Stir Casting Process

Stirring speed (rpm) : 200-400

Stirring Temperature (ºC) : 630

Stirring Time (min) : 10/100 rpm

Power of Motor : 0.5Hp

Stirrer material : High carbon steel

 MOULD

Two rods of 200mm length

and 30mm diameter

A disc of 40mm diameter

and 15mm thick.
 Tensile Test

A test in which fabricated Al LM24 with BN and WC MMC is

subjected to a controlled tension until failure.

According to ASTM standard a dog bone shape test specimen

is produced by machining operation.

Tensile test is to be carried out on universal machine.

Properties that are directly measured via tensile test are

Tensile strength

Maximum elongation under tension

Reduction in cross section area

Young’s Modulus of elasticity

Yield strength
 Hardness Test

 Hardness is the property of a material that enables it to resist

indentation, scratching, bending, abrasion and cutting.

 Rockwell hardness test method consists of indenting the material

with a diamond cone or hardened steel ball indenter.
 Fatigue Test

Fatigue is an insidious time – dependent type of failure which can

occur without any obvious warning.

It is believed that more than 95% of all mechanical failures can be
attributed to fatigue.

Mostly fatigue failure occur at stress well below the static elastic
strength of the material.
According to ASTM standard shape test specimen is
produced by machining operation
 PIN-ON-DISC

In a pin-on-disc wear tester, a pin is loaded against a flat rotating

disc specimen such that a circular wear path is described by the
machine. The machine can be used to evaluate wear and friction
properties of materials under pure sliding conditions. Either disc
or pin can serve as specimen, while the other as counter face.
Pin with various geometry can be used.
 PIN-ON-DISC

A convenient way is to use ball of commercially available

materials such as bearing steel, tungsten carbide or alumina
(Al2O3) as counter face, so that the name of ball-on-disc is
used.
PIN-ON-DISC
 SEM TEST

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of

electron microscope that produces images of a sample by
scanning surface with a focused beam of electrons.

SEM can achieve resolution better than 1 nanometer

The electron beam is scanned in a raster scan pattern.

 SEM TEST

The most common SEM mode is the detection of secondary

electron emitted by atoms excited by the electron beam.
 LITERATURE SURVEY
Journal of Engineering Research and General Science

Author - J. Sudheer Reddy etal

Materials - Aluminium–TiN
Process Methods - Powder metallurgy
Testing Processes - Ball-on-disc wear test
Remarks - The surface roughness of the
composites developed decreased with increase in the amount of
reinforcement, compacting pressure and sintering temperature.
International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science

Author - Włodarczyk-Fligier etal

Materials - Aluminium–TiN
Process Methods - powder metallurgy
Testing Processes - Pin-on-disc
Remarks - It is more energy consuming than
powder metallurgy and this is the main restriction of its application.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology

Author - Mahamani etal

Materials - Aluminium– Carbon Nanotube
Process Methods - Stir casting
Testing Processes - Mechanical
Remarks - The wear mechanism is
characterized as mild wear at lower reinforcement ratio, severe
wear at moderate reinforcement ratio, and ultra-fine wear at higher
reinforcement ratio.
 Journal of Engineering Science and Technology

Author - Katsuyoshi Kondoh

Materials - Aluminium– tungsten carbide
Process Methods - Stir casting
Testing Processes - Mechanical
Remarks - This composite material
developing cost is very high and the overall process involved is
minimum. Thus the processing side can also be improved in
mere future by using any hybrid approach.
 Problem Identification

In India, we are mostly using coal based fuel cars which
is non conventional source of energy
One approach to increase an automobile’s fuel economy
by reducing vehicle weight and friction loss
simultaneously is to remove the cast iron cylinder block
and replace them with a lighter more thermally efficient
material
 How where it have some demerit like low fatigue
strength, corrosion and wear
 References
 G. Amarnath and K. V Sharma. ―Microstructure and Tribological
Properties of Nano particulate Wc/Al Metal Matrix Composites‖
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Vol 4,
pp 178-188, 2013.
 H. Shin, D.H. Bae, “Effect of the TiO2 nanoparticle size on the
decomposition behaviors in aluminum matrix composites,” Materials
Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 143, Issue 3, pp. 1423–1430, February
2014.
 J.H. Shin,H.J. Choi,D.H. Bae, “Evolution of the interfacial layer and its
effect on mechanical properties in TiO2 nanoparticle reinforced aluminum
matrix composites,” Materials Science and Engineering: A Vol. 578, pp. 80–
89, August 2013.
 Y.A. Sorkhe,H. Aghajani,A. Taghizadeh Tabrizi, “Mechanical alloying and
sintering of nanostructured TiO2 reinforced copper composite and its
characterization,” Materials & Design, Vol. 58, pp.168–174, June 2014.

 Anupam Vivek, Glenn S. Daehn, “Vaporizing foil actuator: a versatile tool for
high energy-rate metal working,” Procedia Engineering, Vol. 8, pp.2129 –
2134, 2014.
 B. Vijaya Ramnath and C. Elanchezhian. ―Evaluation of Mechanical
Properties of Aluminium Alloy–Alumina– Boron Carbide Metal Matrix
Composites‖ Materials and Design, Vol 58, pp 332–338, 2014.
 Hari Prasada Rao Pydi, Balamurugan Adhithan, A. Syed and Bava
Bakrudeen. ―Microstructure Exploration of the Aluminum-Tungsten
Carbide Composite with different Manufacturing circumstances‖
International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering, Vol 2, pp 1-5,
2013.
 Properties of aluminum LM24 Wikipedia

 Properties of boron nitride in Wikipedia

 Properties of Tungsten Carbide in Wikipedia

THANKING YOU