Qualification of Personel and Procedures

These mainly refer to the welder and the quality control of the shipyard.
Things or specification
Both the welder and the welding that are usually
procedures must follow the qualified in the welding
classification rules and International procedure qualification
standards for both new construction record book are:
and existing ships. Welding Process
Type of Electrodes
Example of International Standards Weld Shapes
EN288
Edge Preparation
ISO 9956
ASME Section IX Welding Technique
ANSI/ASW D1.1. Welding Position
Materials
All the materials are used in new construction and existing ships must
meet the IACS Unified Requirement. Therefore, all materials have each
type and grade.
Here example repairs of defect:
We can use repairs by grinding or welding, the requirements are:
By Grinding By Welding

Maximum Depth 7% or 3mm 20% There still also a tolerance minor

Maximum Area 0.25m squares 0.125m squares imperfection left unrepaired:
Cutting
The classification society, IACS, also really concerned about cutting
since it’s very influential on hull strength. IACS control the the
roughness of the cut at the edge since it is the most critical area when
we cut a plate. Here the IACS requirement:
Free edges Standard Limit Welding edges Standard Limit
Strength members 150μm 300μm Strenght members 400μm 800μm
others 500μm 1000μm others 800μm 1500μm
Welding
We need to to preheating before start the welding. The preheating
process is based on the material, the preheating temperature can be
seen in the table below:

Source: IACS Shipbuilding and Repair Quality Standard (1996)

Welding Detail – Typical Butt
Typical Butt Weld Plate
Weld Edge Preparation Edge Preparation.
t is thickness, G is gap
Detail Standard Limit between plate.
Square Butt t≤5mm, G≤3mm
Single Level Butt t>5mm, G≤3mm We can see the upper
Double Level Butt t>19mm, G≤3mm G=5mm
Double vee Butt, Uniform Bevels G≤3mm table, the level butt
Double vee Butt, Non-Uniform Bevels G≤3mm influence the thickness but
not the gap.
Detail Standard Limit Then, the lower table we
Single Vee Butt, one side welding with
G=3-9mm G=16mm
can see if we adding
backing strip (temporary or permanent) backing strip, we can
Singe Vee Butt G≤3mm G= 5mm increase the gap.
 Welding Detail – Typical Fillet Typical Butt Weld Plate Edge
Preparation.
Weld Edge Preparation
t is thickness, G is gap
between plate, Θ is angle.
Detail Standard Limit
Tee Fillet G ≤ 2 mm G = 3mm We can see the upper table,
Small Angle Fillet G ≤ 2 mm G = 3mm
G ≤ 4 - 6 mm θ° = 30° -
the single bevel will increase
Single bevel tee with permanent backing G = 16mm
45° the gap really far.
Single bevel tee G ≤ 3 mm
Then, the lower table we can
Detail Standard Limit see either single or double J
Single ‘J’ tee G =2.5 - 4 mm
t > 19 mm G ≤ 3 and either symmetrical or
Double bevel tee symmetrical
mm asdymmetrical not really
t > 19 mm G ≤ 3
Double bevel tee assymetrical
mm influence the number of t
Double J bevel symmetrical G =2.5- 4 mm and G
Here, the image of the
welding detail for two
previous slide:

We can see ,butt

welding usually joint
the plate horizontally,
but fillet welding joint
plate with T shape
 Welding Detail – Typical Fillet
and Butt Weld Profile
Detail Standard Limit
Butt weld toe angle θ ≤ 60° h ≤ 6mm θ ≤ 90°
Butt weld undercut 0.5 mm
s = leg length a = s ≥ 0.9sd a ≥
Fillet weld leg length
throat depth 0.9ad
Fillet weld toe angle G =2.5- 4 mm θ ≤ 90°
Fillet weld undercut 0.5 mm

We can see ,butt welding profile

cover both sides of the plate, but
fillet profile only cover one sides
of the plate
 Distance Between Welds
the distance between welding is very important because the welding
area is a vulnerable area. For distance between Butt and Fillet can be
seen in the table below:
Detail Standard Limit
for significant members d ≥ 5mm for other
Scallops over weld seams
members d ≥ 0mm
Distance between two butt welds d ≥ 0 mm
Distance between butt weld and fillet for significant members d ≥ 10 mm for other
weld members d ≥ 0 mm
for cut-outs d ≥ 30 mm
Distance between butt welds for margin plates d ≥ 300
150 mm
mm
Here, the image of the
distance between welds for
the previous slide:
Scallops over weld seams,
mean the weld of the scallop
must follow the requirement
d distance between weld
seams in any r number.