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Introduction To Radar Systems: Third Edition
Introduction To Radar Systems: Third Edition
Third Edition
By : Merrill I. Skolnik
Second Edition
By : Merrill I. Skolnik
Third Edition
By : Merrill I. Skolnik
Chapter 1:
A Introduction to Radar
Radar Disadvantages
Interpretation requires knowledge of radar interaction with surfaces.
Speckle (dark and bright pixels) limits interpretation.
Satellite systems are not yet multispectral and multi polarization (usually one band/one
polarization) on most satellite platforms (limits forest canopy information).
Not good for discrimination and mapping of different vegetation types except at very
general levels.
Data analysis can be hindered in steep topography and rough terrain due to extreme
layover effects.
• CW
• Simple Pulsed Range Radar
• Pulse Doppler
• Pulse Compression (Chirp and Phase Coded)
• Frequency Agile
• MTI (Coherent and Coherent-on-Receiver)
• Mono-pulse
• Phased Array
• SAR
• Bi-static Radars
• Instrumentation
• Multimode
• Other (MLS, ILS, TACAN)
2R c TR c 3 108 m / s
is pulse width
Duty Cycle 1 sec, PRI 1m sec Duty Cycle 0.001
PRI
Pt is Peak Power
Pav Pt for example: Pt 1 MWatts Pav 1KWatts
Pav is Average Power PRI
INTRODUCTION TO RADAR SYSTEMS , Merrill I. Skolnik , Third Edition Chapter 1
Typical Radar Waveform
12
12 Watts = 10 log 10
Target echo is : 10
3
90 dBm
10
INTRODUCTION TO RADAR SYSTEMS , Merrill I. Skolnik , Third Edition Chapter 1
IEEE Standard Radar Frequencies
Beam width = 65 D is Horizontal or Vertical dimension of antenna
D
c 3 108
For example : D 5 m and f 3 GHz 0.1 m 10 cm
f 3 109
0.1
BW 65 1.3 deg .
5
Pdensityin R
Pt G 4
4 R 2
G 2 Ae , Ae a A
Ae , G
R Pt G
Pdensityin TX .
Pt 4 R 2 4 R 2
TX , RX
Pt G
Pr Pdensityin TX . Ae . . Ae
4 R 2 4 R 2
1
P G A 4
if Pr S min Rmax t 2 e
(4 ) S min
TX is transmitter 1
RX is receiver 4 PA 2 4
G 2 Ae Rmax t 2e
G is gain of antenna
4 S min
Ae is effective aperture of antenna
Pt is peak power
is radar cross section
R is distance (range) of target from radar
2. S min
Pt G
.
4 R 4 R 2
2
. Ae
P
4 R 2 2
S min
4 200 1852 2 2
10 13 12.5 MWatts
G Ae 7362.90 1 32.2
t
c c 3 108 1
3. 2 R c T f PRF 404 Hz PRI 2.47m sec
f PRF 2 R 2 200 1852m 404
2 106
4. Pav Pt 3
12.5 106 10.12 KWatts
PRI 2.47 10
2 106
5. Duty 3
8.097 104 0.0008
PRI 2.47 10
0.2307 0.2307
6. HBW 65 65 1.24 deg . , VBW 65 65 3.74 deg .
D 12 D 4
• Civil Applications
Space Systems
Air Transport and Navigation Applications
Maritime Applications
Industry Applications. Speed and distance measurements
Oil and Gas Exploration
The movement of insects and birds.
1. Enhanced Meteorological Radars. [Nexrad, Terminal Doppler Weather Radar, Wind profiler, TRMM
satellite weather radar and airborne wind-shear detection radar]
2. Planetary Explorations. [ Magellan for Venus, Cassini for Titan, a moon of Saturn]
3. Interferomectic Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) for 3D images.
4. Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR).
5. Ground Penetration Radar (GPR).
6. Serial production of phased array radars. [Patriod, Aegis, Pave Paws, B-1B bomber]
7. Active aperture phased arrays.
8. Ballistic missile defense radars. [GBR and Arrow]
9. HF over the horizon radars. [ROTHR and Jindalee]
10. Battlefield surveillance. [JSTARS]
11. Radars for remote sensing of the environments.
12. Improved air-traffic control radars.
13. New multifunction airborne military fighter/attack radars.