PULSE CODE

MODULATION (PCM)
PRESENTED BY –
UTTIYA RANA (13000117030)
VISHAL JAISWAL (13000117026)
UDISHA DATTA (13000118001)
SUPRIYA BERA (13000118004)
SRIJITA BANERJEE (13000117035)
SOURAV DAS (13000118005)
SOMNATH CHAKRABORTTY (13000118006)

CSE – A, 4th Semester, CS 491

 Pulse Code Modulation
DEFINITION : Pulse code modulation (PCM) is essentially analog-
to-digital conversion of a special type where the information
contained in the instantaneous samples of an analog signal is
represented by digital words in a serial bit stream.

The advantages of PCM are :

•Relatively inexpensive digital circuitry may be used extensively.
•PCM signals derived from all types of analog sources may be merged
with data signals and transmitted over a common high-speed
digital communication system.
•In long-distance digital telephone systems requiring repeaters, a
clean PCM waveform can be regenerated at the output of each
repeater, where the input consists of a noisy PCM waveform.
•The noise performance of a digital system can be superior to that of
an analog system.
•The probability of error for the system output can be reduced even
further by the use of appropriate coding techniques.
Sampling, Quantizing, and Encoding
1. The PCM signal is generated by carrying out three basic
operations:
1. Sampling
2. Quantizing
3. Encoding
2. Sampling operation generates a flat-top PAM signal.
3. Quantizing operation approximates the analog values by using a
finite number of levels. This operation is considered in 3 steps
a) Uniform Quantizer
b) Quantization Error
c) Quantized PAM signal output
4. PCM signal is obtained from the quantized PAM signal by
encoding each quantized sample value into a digital word.
 Analog to Digital Conversion
Analog
The Analog-to-digital Converter (ADC)
Input performs three functions:
Signal
Sampling
Makes the signal discrete in time.
Sample
If the analog input has a bandwidth
of W Hz, then the minimum sample
frequency such that the signal can be
reconstructed without distortion.
ADC
Quantize Quantization
111 Makes the signal discrete in
110
101
amplitude.
100
011
Round off to one of q discrete levels.
010
001
Encode
Encode 000 Maps the quantized values to digital
words that are  bits long.
If the (Nyquist) Sampling Theorem is
satisfied, then only quantization introduces
distortion to the system.
Digital Output
Signal
111 111 001 010 011 111 011
Uniform Quantization
• Most ADC’s use uniform
quantizers.

• The quantization levels of a

uniform quantizer are equally
spaced apart.

• Uniform quantizers are optimal

when the input distribution is
uniform. When all values
within the Dynamic Range of
the quantizer are equally likely.
Quantization Example

Analogue signal

Sampling TIMING

Quantization levels.
Quantized to 5-levels

Quantization levels
Quantized 10-levels
 QUANTIZATION
The used of a non-uniform quantizer is equivalent to passing the baseband
Signal through a compressor and then appling the compressed signal to a
uniform quantizer.
A particular form of compression law that used in practice is the so-called
μ-law is defined by
Another compression law is the so-called A-law
defined by
 Encoding
• The output of the quantizer is one of M possible signal levels.
• If we want to use a binary transmission system, then we need to map
each quantized sample into an n bit binary word.

• Encoding is the process of representing each quantized sample

by an  bit code word.
• The mapping is one-to-one so there is no distortion introduced by
encoding.
• Some mappings are better than others.
• A Gray code gives the best end-to-end performance.
• The weakness of Gray codes is poor performance when the sign bit
(MSB) is received in error.
 Gray Codes
• With gray codes adjacent samples differ only in one bit position.
• Example (3 bit quantization):

XQ Natural coding Gray Coding

+7 111 110
+5 110 111
+3 101 101
+1 100 100
-1 011 000
-3 010 001
-5 001 011
-7 000 010

• With this gray code, a single bit error will result in an amplitude
error of only 2.
• Unless the MSB is in error.
 PCM encoding example

Levels are encoded

using this table

Table: Quantization levels with belonging code words

Chart 2. Process of restoring a signal.

Chart 1. Quantization and digitalization of a signal. PCM encoded signal in binary form:
Signal is quantized in 11 time points & 8 quantization 101 111 110 001 010 100 111 100 011 010 101
Total of 33 bits were used to encode a signal
segments.
Waveforms in a PCM system for M=8

M  2n n  log 2 ( M )
M is the number of Quantization levels
n is the number of bits per sample
PCM Transmission System
THANK YOU