PowerPoint Slides

to accompany

Electric Machinery
Sixth Edition

A.E. Fitzgerald
Charles Kingsley, Jr.
Stephen D. Umans

Chapter 1
Magnetic Circuits and
Magnetic Materials
 Introduction

The transformer, although not an

electromechanical energy conversion device, is
an important component of the overall energy-
conversion process.
 Faraday’s Law of Induction

The induced emf in any closed circuit is equal

to the rate of change of the magnetic flux
through the circuit.

Unit of magnetic flux: weber, Wb.

1 Wb = 1 T·m2
 Faraday’s Law of Induction

This drawing shows the variables in the flux

equation:
 Faraday’s Law of Induction

Magnetic flux:
 Faraday’s Law of Induction

The magnetic flux is analogous to the electric

flux – it is proportional to the total number of
lines passing through the loop.
 Faraday’s Law of Induction

The minus sign gives the direction of the

induced emf:

The induced electromotive force in any closed

circuit is equal to the negative of the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux through the circuit.
 Lenz’s Law

The minus sign gives the direction of the

induced emf:
When an emf is generated by a change in
magnetic flux according to Faraday's Law, the
polarity of the induced emf is such that it
produces a current whose magnetic field
opposes the change which produces it so as to
restore the changed field.
This obeys Newton’s 3rd law & the law of
conservation of energy.
 Maxwell’s Equations
(Magneto-quasistatic approximation)

The line integral of the tangential

components of the magnetic field
intensity H around a closed contour C
is equal to the total current passing
through any surface S linking that
contour. The source of H is the
current density J.
 Maxwell’s Equations
(Magneto-quasistatic approximation)

The magnetic flux density B is

conserved, that no net flux enters or
leaves a closed surface.
A second simplifying assumption
involves the concept of the magnetic
circuit. The general solution for the
magnetic field intensity H and the
magnetic flux density B in a structure
of complex geometry is extremely
difficult. However, a three-dimensional
field problem can often be reduced to
what is essentially a one-dimensional
circuit equivalent, yielding solutions
of acceptable engineering accuracy.
Simple magnetic circuit.

µ
>> µ0
The magnetic flux Φ crossing a surface S is the
surface integral of the normal component of B.

Due to the assumption that the magnetic flux

density is uniform across the cross section of a
magnetic circuit, the equation can be reduced to
this simple scalar equation:
The relationship between the mmf acting on a magnetic
circuit and the magnetic field intensity is given as:

The relationship between the magnetic field intensity H and

the magnetic field intensity B is a property of the material in
which the field exists. It is common to assume a linear
relationship, thus

,
where µ is known as the magnetic permeability.
 A Few Definitions Related to
Electromagnetic Field
 (Unit is Weber (Wb)) = Magnetic Flux Crossing a Surface of
Area ‘A’ in m2.
B (Unit is Tesla (T)) = Magnetic Flux Density = /A
B
H (Unit is Amp/m) = Magnetic Field Intensity =

 = permeability of the material

o = 4*10-7 H/m (H Henry) = Permeability of free space (air)

r = Relative Permeability 
r >> 1 for Magnetic Material r 
0
For the present, we assume that r is a
known constant, although it varies
appreciably with the magnitude of the
magnetic flux density.
Transformers are wound on closed cores.
However, energy conversion devices which
incorporate a moving element must have
air gaps in their magnetic circuits. When
the air-gap length g is much smaller than
the dimensions of the adjacent core faces,
the same analysis techniques could still be
applied.
 ,

(from )

(from B-H relationship)

Analogy between electric and magnetic circuits.
(a) Electric circuit, (b) magnetic circuit.
Hopkinson's law: the magnetic analogy to Ohm's law
 Fringing Field Effect

In practical systems, the magnetic field lines “fringe”

outward somewhat as they cross the air gap.
Provided this fringing effect is not excessive, the
magnetic circuit concept remains applicable. The
effect of these fringing fields is to increase the
effective cross-sectional area of the air gap.
Air-gap fringing fields.
The magnetic circuit shown has dimensions Ac = Ag = 9 cm2,
g = 0.050 cm, lc = 30 cm, and N = 500 turns. Assume the r =
70,000 for core material. (a) Find the reluctances Rc and Rg.
For the condition that the magnetic circuit is operating with Bc
= 1.0 T, find (b) the flux Φ and (c) the current i.
Find the flux Φ and current from the previous
problem if (a) the number of turns is doubled
to N = 1000 turns while the circuit dimensions
remain the same and (b) if the number of
turns is equal to N = 500 and the gap is
reduced to 0.040 cm.
The magnetic structure of a synchronous machine is
shown schematically in the figure. Assuming that the
rotor and stator iron have infinite permeability, find the
air-gap flux Φ and flux density Bg. For this example I = 10
A, N = 1000 turns, g = 1 cm, and Ag = 2000 cm2.