Internship seminar on topic:

“CIRCUIT DESIGNING IN PCB”

carried out at:
OGMA TechLab,Kolkata
undertaken by:
MD. PARWEZ ALAM
1AY15EE039
Under the guidance of:

INTERNAL GUIDE EXTERNAL GUIDE

Ms. ANZUM Ms.ANUSUA PAUL
Assistant professor, Project Mentor
Dept. of EE&E, Ogma TechLab
AIT, Bangalore. Kolkata-107

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 Introduction to Printed Circuit Board
 Why PCB?
 History of PCB
 Types of PCB
 PCB Characteristics
 Process of Designing PCB
 Advantages & Disadvantages of PCB

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 A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports
and electrically connects electronic components using
conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from
copper sheets laminated onto a nonconductive
substrate.
 PCB's can be single sided (one copper layer), double
sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer.
 A PCB populated with electronic components is
called a Printed Circuit Assembly (PCA), Printed
Circuit Board Assembly or PCB Assembly (PCBA).

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 Before printed circuits became the common
component used in electronics, Point to point
construction was used.
 This means some bulky and unreliable designs
that required large sockets and regular replacement.
 Most of these issues were directly addressed when
PCB went into direct production.
 PCB are rugged, inexpensive and can be highly
reliable.
 Mass manufacturing .
 Professional.
 Reduced space and time.
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 The first Printed Circuit Board can be traced all the
back on early 1900 and a patent for Printed wire.
 In 1925 that Charles Ducas first submitted a patent
that involved creating an electrical path directly on an
insulated surface.
 It was a revolutionary idea because it could eliminate
complex wiring and provide consistent results.
 Still, they didn’t really catch on until after WWII, when
Dr. Paul Eisler in Austria began making the first real
operational printed circuit boards in 1943.

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There are mainly three types of PCB
1.Single Sided PCB
 For single sided PCB, the components are on one side, conducting
wires are on other sides as shown in image of previous slide. Single
sided PCB is the most simple and basic PCB.
 With the appearance of electronic transistor, single side PCB was
developed in the early 1950,which is mainly manufactured in U.S.A.

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2.Double Sided PCB
 For double sided board components can be on both the sides(Top &
Bottom).conducting wires can be on both the sides.
 Double sided board means the conductor patterns appear on both
sides of the board.
 However if we use the conductor patterns on both sides, there
should be proper circuit to connect two sides.
 The bridge between the circuits is called via. Those are plated with
metal such as tin, copper, gold, etc.

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3.Multilayer PCB
 In order to enlarge the area of conductor pattern, multilayer PCB uses more
single or double boards. It uses several piece of double sided boards,and a
dielectric layer is put between every layer of boards. The layers of one PCB
represent the layer of conductor patterns.
 For via, if we use it on double sided PCB, the whole boards will be drilled.While
on multilayer PCB, if you just want to connect some traces, via may will waste
trace space of some layers. Then we use buried vias and blind vias to solve this
problem, because they are only drilled through several layers.

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 In recent years, semiconductor packaging has evolved with an
increased demand for greater functionality, smaller size, and added
utility. A modern PCB design has two main methods for mounting
components onto a PCB: Through-Hole Mounting and Surface
Mounting.

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1.Through hole mounting
The first PCBs used through-hole technology, mounting
electronic components by leads inserted through holes on
one side of the board and soldered onto copper traces on
the other side. Boards may be single-sided, with an un
plated component side, or more compact double-sided
boards, with components soldered on both sides.

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2.Surface mounting
Surface-mount technology emerged in the 1960s, gained
momentum in the early 1980s and became widely used by
the mid-1990s.Components were mechanically
redesigned to have small metal tabs or end caps that
could be soldered directly onto the PCB surface, instead
of wire leads to pass through holes.

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 Entering into ExpressSCH Software
It is a CAD program from ExpressPCB. The software provides user for
creating schematics diagram of the given circuit.

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ExpressSCH is a component application in the ExpressPCB setup program,
while the other application in program package is used to design circuit
board layout and it is called ExpressPCB.

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Printing the Design
 A special printer called a plotted printer is used to print the
design of the PCB. It produces a film that shows the details and
layers of the board. When printed, there will be two ink colors
used on the inside layer of the board:
 Clear Ink to show the non-conductive areas; and
 Black Ink to show the conductive copper traces and circuits.
 The same colors are used for the outer layers, but the meaning of
them is reversed.
Preparing copper board
 Cut the copper board according to the size of the layout. A
copper board is the base of PCB.
 Rub the copper side of PCB using steel wool. This removes the
top oxide layer of copper as well as the photo resist layer.

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 Printing the Inner Layers
Place the OHP sheet(wax Paper) which has the printed layout on the
PCB sheet. Make sure that the printed side should be placed on the
copper side of PCB.
Pressing the layers
Put a white paper on the OHP sheet and start ironing .The heat
applied by the electric iron causes the ink of the traces on the OHP
sheet to stick in the copper plate exactly in the same way as it is
printed on the OHP sheet.
Removing Unwanted Copper
Now, it is time to remove any unwanted copper that remained on the
board. A chemical solution, similar to the alkaline solution, eats away
at the unwanted copper. The hardened photoresist remains intact.

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Chemical Etching
 Chemical etching is usually done with ammonium
persulfate or ferric chloride.
 For PTH (plated-through holes), additional steps of electroless deposition
are done after the holes are drilled, then copper is electroplated to build up
the thickness, the boards are screened, and plated with tin/lead.
 The tin/lead becomes the resist leaving the bare
copper to be etched away.
 There is a new process of etching, which is known as laser or plasma etching
process.

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Drilling
 Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with small-diameter drill bits made of
solid coated tungsten carbide .
 Coated tungsten carbide is recommended since many board materials are very
abrasive and drilling must be high RPM and high feed to be cost effective.
 Drill bits must also remain sharp so as not to tear the traces. Drilling with high-
speed-steel is simply not feasible since the drill bits will dull quickly and thus
tear the copper and ruin the boards.
 The drilling is performed by automated drilling machines with placement
controlled by a drill tape or drill file.

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Plating and Coating
 PCBs are plated with solder, tin, or gold over nickel as a resist for
etching away the unneeded underlying copper.
 After PCBs are etched and then rinsed with water, the solder mask
is applied, and then any exposed copper is coated with solder,
nickel/gold, or some other anticorrosion coating.
 Matte solder is usually fused to provide a better bonding surface
or stripped to bare copper.
 Treatments are taken to prevent surface oxidation of bare copper.
Electrical Test
 As a final precaution, Electrical test on the PCB is performed.
 This test confirms the functionality of the PCB and its conformity
to the original design.

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ADVANTAGES OF PCB DISADVANTAGES OF PCB

1. All of the PCB 1. Not easy to repair once

components are fixed damaged
2. Minimal Concern on 2. Etching possess
short circuits and wrong harmful effect to
wirings environment
3. No need of further 3. Cannot be updated
inspection 4. Can only be used for
4. Inexpensive to mass specific circuits
produced
5. Perfect for reproduction

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