*Motor Skill – the ability to execute movement in an

optimal fashion
*Motor behavior study is trying to find out how
motor skill is produce.

MOTOR BEHAVIOR

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT MOTOR CONTROL

M.LEARNING

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 Motordevelopment is the the study of changes in
motor behavor which reflect the interaction of the
maturation & the environment

 MotorControl is the study of the neural , physical

and behavioral aspects of movement. Primary
neurological implication of movement.

 Motor Learning refer to the relatively permanent

gains in motor skill capability associated with
practice or experience.

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Kawalan Motor Perkembangan.M Pembelajaran M

Mekanisme sistem Perubahan Kajian mengenai

biologi yg keupayaan kawalan pergerakan manusia
menghasilkan pergerakan dan yg berfokus kepada
lakuan motor prestasi motor yg perubahan dari segi
berlaku sepanjang keupayaan kawalan
hayat. dan prestasi motor
-Perubahan = hasil (kekal) yg berlaku
proses semulajadi spt hasil praktis dan
tumbesaran, latihan
kematangan penuaan
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 “The study of posture and movement and the
mechanisms that underlie them’ (Rose,1997)

 All movement and posture, irrespective of

quality are expression of motor control.

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1. Lakuan
motor tanpa kemahiran
(involuntari)
– Dihasilkan secara luar kawalan, pelaku tidak
mampu memilih/memodifikasikan lakuan yg
terhasil (cth..)

2.Lakuan motor berkemahiran (voluntari)

– Lakuan secara sedar/dalam kawalan, pelaku
memilih dan menentukan ss pergerakan (cth..)

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1. Reflex Theories
1. (Sherrington, 1857 – 1952)
2. Behaviorists (Skinner ; 1938; Thorndike, 1927)

2. Hierarchical Theories (Hughlings Jackson ,

1850; Keele, 1968, Schmidt, 1991)

3. Dynamic System Theory (Bernstein,

1967)

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 Sherrington considered the reflex to be the
foundamental unit of motor control
 Sherrington (1906) “the outcome of the normal
reflex action of the organism is an orderly
coadjustment and sequence of reaction”
 Basic assumption :
 physical events occurring in the environment served as
the stimulus for action, triggering a chain of individual
reflex circuits that responsible for producing a
movement response

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 Cannot explain voluntary movement -
require us to anticipate changes in the
environment

 inability to account for movement

performed in the absence of sensory
feedback (sensory feedback is not
essential for the execution of all
movement)

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 Assume that all aspects of movement planning and
execution are the sole responsibility of one or more
cortical center representing the highest command
level within the hierarchy of the CNS

 **Higher cortical centers command lower center to

carry out prescribed movement

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 Model :
 Hugglings Jackson (1850) - “Top - Down “(Hiterarchical
Model - Greene, 1972)
 Keele(1968) - Motor program(a set of muscle command
that are structured before a movement sequence
begins).
 Smith (1991) - Generalized Motor Program (GMP) is more
abstract in structure and can be applied to a broader
range of movements and can be alter or modified.
Reduces number of programs one must store in memory.
Ability to achieve the same movement outcome using
different muscle group (motor equivalence)

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• Environment as an important source of
imformation for action.

*Motor behavior is self organized. Its result from the

interaction of subsystem (neurological, biological,
musculosketal

*How Movement are controlled:

 Relationship between the performer and the
environment in the planning and control of action
(intentions of the performer and constraints
imposed by the environment)

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1.Role of environment as an important source of
information for action
2.Motor behavior is self organized (do not
believe that any such rigidly defined cortical
mechanism is solely responsible for controlling
action)
3.Greater role played by lower control centers
provide a mechanism for automatic postural
adjustments that accompany a number of
voluntary movement
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1. APAKAH ITU PEMBELAJARAN MOTOR
2. APAKAH PERBEZAAN ANTARA PEMBELAJARAN MOTOR,
KAWALAN MOTOR, PERKEMBANGAN MOTOR DAN TINGKAHLAKU
MOTOR
3. BAGAIMANA PEMBELAJARAN MOTOR DAPAT MEMBANTU GURU
/ JURULATIH DALAM MENGAJAR SESUATU KEMAHIRAN

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