Embedded Systems

Wireless Internet
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• What is a wireless network?

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Different Wireless Networks
• IrDA (Infrared Data Association)
– Uses beams in the infrared light spectrum
• Bluetooth
– Uses 2.45 gigahertz radio waves, but emits weak signals
• Limits distance to 10 feet, but travels through walls
• HomeRF (SWAP) – developed by businesses
– 6 voice channels and 1 data channel
– Slow, and limited range, but cheap
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Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)
• Essentially, this technology is a variation of the IEEE 802.11 specification known as
802.11b
• Focuses on Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
• High data rate (max of 11 Mbps)
• In the case of interference, speed drops in halves (11 Mbps to 5.5 Mbps to
2 Mbps to 1 Mbps)
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• Advantages of Wi-Fi:
• Fast (11 Mbps)
• Reliable
• Long Range (up to 1000 ft outdoors, 400 ft indoors)
• Easy integration to wired networks
• Compatible with original 802.11 DSSS standard
• Disadvantages of Wi-Fi:
• Speed may fluctuate
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• Types of WI-FI Technologies:
• Currently they are four major types of WIFI technologies.
• Wi-Fi-802.11a
• Wi-Fi-802.11b
• Wi-Fi-802.11g
• Wi-Fi-802.11n
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Performance of wi-fi:
• Inside Range
– anywhere except in bathrooms
– Usually 11 Mbps connection
• Outside Range
– To the SC lecture wing door (closest to ERC)
– Covers faculty lot next to ERC
– Half way to Rowley
– Connection slows as move away from access point
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Two Main Protocols (Internet):
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
UDP doesn't build up an association before sending information, it just sends. Along
these lines, UDP is designated "Connectionless". UDP packets are regularly called
"Datagrams".
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
TCP deals with the stream of datagrams from the higher layers, and also approaching
datagrams from the IP layer. It needs to guarantee that needs and security are
regarded. TCP must be fit for dealing with the end of an application above it that was
expecting approaching datagrams, and in addition disappointments in the lower
layers.
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PCAttcp:
• Measuring tool for TCP and UDP
– Speed, Throughput, Time
– Amount of Data Sent vs. Amount Received
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Our PCAttcp Controller:
• Improved UDP exchanges
• Mechanized the whole procedure
• Made a simple method to aggregate outcomes and diagrams utilizing a
spreadsheet for yield
• Ran tests on different sorts of associations
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• 4 different types of wireless networks
– IrDA (Infrared Data Association)
– Bluetooth
– HomeRF (SWAP)
• “Shared Wireless Access Protocol”
– WECA (Wi-Fi)
• “Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance”
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IrDA (Infrared Data Association):
• IrDA (Infrared Data Association) is an industry-supported association set up in
1993 to make global norms for the equipment and programming utilized in
infrared correspondence joins.
• In this exceptional type of radio transmission, an engaged beam of light in the
infrared recurrence range, estimated in terahertz, or trillions of hertz (cycles every
second), is adjusted with data and sent from a transmitter to a recipient over a
moderately short separation.
• Infrared radiation (IR) is a similar innovation used to control a TV set with a remote
control.
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Bluetooth:
• Bluetooth is a remote innovation for interfacing different gadgets. Two vital
qualities recognize Bluetooth from IrDA: the individual gadgets don't have to "see"
each other specifically and a few gadgets can be associated in a system with a
most extreme information rate of 720 Kbps.
• Bluetooth is even fit for conveying through dividers. In any case, practically
speaking this generally relies upon the properties of the dividers and the gadget
class.
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HomeRF (SWAP):
• In March 1998, the HomeRF Working Group (HRFWG) declared its reality and set
out to give an open industry determination, Shared Wireless Access Protocol
(SWAP), for remote advanced correspondence among PCs and buyer electronic
gadgets inside the home.
• The SWAP determination characterizes a typical remote interface supporting voice
and information at 2MBps information rates utilizing recurrence bouncing spread
range adjustment in the 2.4GHz recurrence band. HRFWG is presently building up
a 10Mbps form of SWAP dependent on late Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) endorsement for more extensive transmission capacity for recurrence
jumping frameworks.
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• Advantages of HomeRF (SWAP):
• Cheap, easy-to-install
• Allows multiple-networks in the same location
• Can encrypt data
• Drawbacks of HomeRF (SWAP):
• Not very fast (typically limited to 1 Mbps)
• Limited Range (75 to 125 ft)
• Physical obstructions (walls, large metal objects) cause huge interference
issues
• Difficult to integrate into existing wired networks
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Multimedia Communication
over IP networks
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• Media places extraordinary requests on systems and frameworks.
• Sight and sound correspondence and substance sharing over the
Internet has immediately risen (phone systems and TV stations on the
worldwide Internet).
• Various new-age sight and sound based applications have been
produced over the Internet, e.g., Skype and YouTube.
• Sight and sound applications by and large begin playback before
downloads have finished, i.e., in a gushing mode.
• In the early timeframe, examine consideration was for the most part
centered around new spilling conventions, for example, the Real-time
Transport Protocol (RTP) and its Control Protocol (RTCP).
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• Recently, Web-based HTTP video streaming allows users to play videos
directly from their Web browsers, rather than having to download and
install dedicated software.
• A web-based application is any program that is accessed over a network
connection using HTTP, rather than existing within a device’s memory.
• Web-based applications often run inside a web browser. However, web-
based applications also may be client-based, where a small part of the
program is downloaded to a user’s desktop, but processing is done over
the internet on an external server.
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Protocol Layers of Computer Communication Networks:
• The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual
model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions
of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its
underlying internal structure and technology. Its goal is the
interoperability of diverse communication systems with standard
protocols.
• Multimedia systems are generally implemented in the last three layers.
• The seven layers of function are provided by a combination of
applications, operating systems, network card device drivers and
networking hardware that enable a system to transmit a signal over a
network Ethernet or fiber optic cable or through Wi-Fi or other wireless
protocols.
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Quality-of-Service for Multimedia Communications:
• Challenges in multimedia network communications arise due to a series
of distinct characteristics of audio/video data:
1. Voluminous and Continuous: They demand high data rates, and often
have a lower bound to ensure continuous playback. In general, a user
expects to start playing back audio/video objects before they are fully
downloaded. For this reason, they are commonly referred to as
continuous media or streaming media.
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Quality-of-Service for Multimedia Communications:
2. Real-Time and Interactive: They demand low startup delay and
synchronization between audio and video for “lip sync”. Interactive
applications such as video conferencing and multi-party online gaming
require two-way traffic, both of the same high demands.
3. Rate fluctuation: The multimedia data rates fluctuate drastically and
sometimes burst of data. In VoD or VoIP, no traffic most of the time
but burst to high volume. In a variable bit rate (VBR) video, the average
rate and the peak rate can differ significantly, depending on the scene
complexity.
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Quality of Service:
• The most important parameters that affects QoS for multimedia data
transmission:
• Bandwidth: A measure of transmission speed over digital links or
networks, often in kilobits per second (kbps) or megabits per second
(Mbps)
• Latency (maximum frame/packet delay): The maximum time needed
from transmission to reception, often measured in milliseconds (msec or
ms).
• Packet loss or error: A measure (in percentage) of the loss- or error rate
of the packetized data transmission.
• Sync skew: A measure of multimedia data synchronization (between
audio and video)
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Protocols for Multimedia Transmission and Interaction:
1. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol: HTTP is a protocol that was originally
designed for transmitting Web content, but it also supports
transmission of any file type.
2. Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP), is designed for the transport of
real-time data, such as audio and video streams.
3. RTP Control Protocol (RTCP), is a companion protocol of RTP
4. Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), is a signaling protocol to control
streaming media servers.