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Generator & Transformer Protection
Generator & Transformer Protection
Protection
By
Krishna Kumar, B.E., M.Tech, MIE
Assistant Engineer (R&D)
What is Protection?
The objective of a protection scheme is to
keep the power system stable by isolating
only the components that are under fault.
Performance and Design Criteria for System-
Protection Devices
• Reliability
• Selectivity
• Speed
• Cost
• Simplicity
• Size
Protection equipment for different types of generators with different rating
Protection relays for the generator transformer Unit
Standard:
ANSI/IEEE C 37.2 - 1979
Types of Generator Grounding
Types of Generator Grounding
1. Generator Protection
• Generators are designed to run at high load factor for a
large number of years and permits certain incidences of
abnormal working conditions.
• Load factor: It is used to describe how much the power
system is loaded compared to the peak load.
Requirements :
(i) Be triple pole type
(ii) Shall be able to operate when the fault current from
the generator terminals becomes low due to
excitation system characteristic
(iii) Shall have under voltage criteria
(iv) Shall reset to de-energised position if under-voltage
criteria disappears
Requirements:
(i) Be triple pole type
(ii) Have an alarm unit and a trip unit
(iii) Have a continuously adjustable negative sequence
current setting
(iv) Have alarm unit range covering negative phase
sequence current of 5-10% of generator rated current
continuously adjustable
(v) Have a definite time setting range of 1-10 secs.
associated with an alarm unit
(vi) Have a trip unit with a variable time current
characteristics matching with the generator I22t
characteristic
Generator Overload Protection (5 1G)
This is a unit type protection which operates for earth faults on the
generator transformer HV side and also covers a large portion of the
HV winding and the HV terminals upto the HV current
transformers.
Requirements:
(i) Be triple pole type (Single pole if used as Restricted E/F
Protection)
(ii) Have operating time less than 30 milliseconds at 2 times setting
(iii) Be high impedance or low impedance type
(iv) Operating current shall be 0.1 - 0.4 In
(v) High stability against maximum through fault condition, CT
saturation, harmonics and DC transients
(vi) Be provided with suitable non linear resistors across the relay to
limit the peak voltage to 1000 volts, in case of high impedance
type
(vii) Be provided with faulty phase identification
UAT Protections
Unit Transformer Differential Protection (87 UAT):
• This is a unit type protection covering the unit
transformer and the cable connection to the unit
board.
• This protection operates for phase faults, but not for
single phase to earth faults as this current is limited
by the neutral earthing resistance.
• The unit transformer differential relay initiates a
general trip and unit shutdown
Requirements:
-Be triple pole with individual phase indication
-Have unrestricted instantaneous high set over current unit which shall
not operate during inrush
-Have an adjustable or multi bias setting
-Have second harmonic or other inrush proof features and also should
be stable under normal over fluxing conditions, magnetising inrush
proof feature shall not be achieved through any intentional time
delay e.g. use of timers to block relay operation or using disc
operated relays.
- Have one bias winding per phase and per C.T. input
- Have an adjustable operating current
- Have an operating time not greater than 30 milli seconds at 5 times
of setting
- Shall have facility for ratio and phase angle correction either
through auxiliary transformer or through in built provisions
Unit Transformer back up over current protection
(51 UAT) Relay:
-Be triple pole type
-Be of definite time over current type
-Have an adjustable setting range of 50-200% of rated
current and 0.5 to 5 seconds time delay
Unit Transformer back-up earth fault
protection (51N UAT) :
(i) Be single pole type
(ii) Be of definite time over current type
(iii)Have a setting rage of 10-100% of rated
current and time setting range of 0.5-5
seconds
Unit transformer restricted earth fault protection
(64 UAT):
(i) Be single pole type
(ii) Have operating time less than 30 milli seconds at 2
times setting
(iii) Be high impedance or low impedance type
(iv) Operating current shall be 0.1 - 0.4 In
(v) High stability against maximum through fault
condition, CT saturation, harmonics and DC
transients
(vi) Be provided with suitable non-linear resistors across
the relay to limit the peak .voltage to 1000 volts, in case
of high impedance type
(vii) Be provided with fault indication
Thank You