Physical and Chemical Changes

and Processes
Introduction
Changes in materials are going on around us all the time.
 Leaves changes their colour
 Trees shed their leaves
 Milk changes to curd
 Iron nails rusts in moisture
Some changes around us are slow and some are fast. In
this chapter we will study about changes in matter.
What is a Physical Change?
 A physical change alters the form of a substance, but
does not change it to another substance.
 Example:
 Making Orange Juice
What is a Chemical Change?
 When a substance undergoes a chemical change, it is
changed into a different substance with different
properties.
 Example: Baking a Cake
Physical Change
 Definition: A physical change is one in which only the
physical properties of a substance change and its
chemical properties remain the same.
 Explanation: A change in which matter looks different
but is still the same matter
 A change that affects the size, shape or color of a
substance but does not affect its composition
 Physical changes are temporary and can easily be
reversed
Examples of Physical Change
 Cutting paper
 Mashing potatoes
 Painting a wall
 Breaking glass
 Melting marshmallows
 Molding clay
 Water freezing
 Water boiling
 Thawing meat
Chemical Change
 Definition: A chemical change is one in which a new
substance is formed.
 Explanation: A change that results in the formation of
a new substance
 A change that is permanent in nature
 A change in materials that produces a new substance;
the change is permanent
 Chemical changes are permanent and not easy to
reverse.
Examples of Chemical Changes
 Wood burning to ash and smoke (a new substance is
formed)
 Iron rusting
 Marshmallows burning
 Apple rotting
 Toasting bread
Raw Egg Becomes Cooked Egg
Cake Mix Becomes Cake
Signs of a Chemical Change
1. Color Change

2. Precipitation
3. Gas Production

4. Temperature Change

1. Changes in Characteristic Properties (odor, light

given off)
5. Changes in Characteristic Properties (odor, light given
off)
Chemical or Physical Change?
 Cutting paper?
 Physical
Chemical or Physical Change?
 Ice melting?
 Physical
Chemical or Physical Change?
 Toast burning?
 Chemical
Chemical or Physical Change?
 Rocket fuel burning?
 Chemical
Chemical or Physical Change?
 Sawing wood?
 Physical
Chemical or Physical Change?
 Metal rusting?
 Chemical
Chemical or Physical Change?
 Disappearing puddle?
 Physical
Phase Changes are PHYSICAL PHYSICAL!!!!!

 Types of Phase Changes:

 1. Melting
 2. Freezing
 3. Evaporization
 4. Condensation
 5. Sublimation
 6. Deposition
 Quiz

Number your paper (1-10)

1. A. Physical Change
B. Chemical Change

Rusting nails
2. A. Physical Change
B. Chemical Change

Effervescent tablet
3. A. Physical Change
B. Chemical Change

Cut paper
4. A. Physical Change
B. Chemical Change

Vinegar and Baking soda

5. A. Physical Change
B. Chemical Change

Salt and water

6. A. Physical Change
B. Chemical Change

Broken glass
7. A. Physical Change
B. Chemical Change

Burning wood
8. A. Physical Change
B. Chemical Change

Ice melting
9. A. Physical Change
B. Chemical Change

Removing iron filings from a mixture

10. A. Physical Change
B. Chemical Change

Boiling water
Check your answers
1. B - Chemical
2. B - Chemical
3. A - Physical
4. B - Chemical
5. A - Physical
6. A - Physical
7. B - Chemical
8. A - Physical
9. A - Physical
10. A - Physical
Applications of Chemical Changes
 As a result of chemical changes new substances are
formed. We are living in the world of chemical
changes. Chemical changes are taking place in our
bodies. In our vehicles and in our environment.
 Sometimes chemical changes form harmful
substances.
Reversible and Irreversible changes
 Reversible change: a change that can go forwards
or backwards, for example melting
and freezing .
 Irreversible: a change that cannot go back, for
example burning
Irreversible changes

Describe what happens in this example.

Do you think these can be reversed?

These are difficult to reverse as new products have been made.

Heating Materials

Heating some materials causes them to change

Do you think they can be easily reversed?

 Burning Materials

Do you think that the ash is the only material produced by burning the paper?
Gas is also produced.
What is the difference between heating an object and burning an object?
Do you think that when an object is burned the process can be reversed?
Can you think of other everyday examples of objects burning?
Burning

A material is burned the change is irreversible

New materials are produced when materials are burned.

These are often hazardous.

Produce a poster warning people of the dangers of the fumes given off by
burning materials in the home.
USE OF HYDROCARBONS AS FUELS

 Burning of fuels is another example of a chemical

change.

 Fuel that we use to run our vehicles or factories

consists of substances known as hydrocarbons.

A hydrocarbon is a compound consisting of only

hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Combustion
 Combustion Definition: Combustion is a
chemical reaction chemical that occurs between a
fuel and an oxygen that produces oxides of
carbon, water vapours and energy, usually in the
form of heat and light.
A fuel is a substance that burns to release energy
Each of these sides represents a key element for fire to
occur. If one of them was removed, the triangle would
collapse and the fire would go out
Incomplete Combustion
 If there is insufficient air for complete
combustion, incomplete combustion takes place.
 Hydrogen is still oxidised to water, but carbon
monoxide forms instead of carbon dioxide.
 Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas, so adequate
ventilation is important when burning fuels.
In limited oxygen Supply
 Hydrocarbons are mostly obtained from crude oil
(petroleum). When hydrocarbons burn in the
presence of oxygen their chemical composition
change.
 As a result of burning of hydrocarbons, a lot of heat is
produced.
 People use heat for various purposes such as cooking,
heating, movement, etc.
Use of heat (cooking, heating, movement)